Thursday, August 27, 2020
Medieval Weapons Essays - Projectile Weapons, Medieval Warfare
Medieval Weapons Medieval Weapons were (are) hazardous. They Can murder, cut, injury, hurt, or whatever else. All weapons From the Middle Ages were viewed as terrifying and significant Instruments to murder. From a little knife to a huge gun; all weapons Would murder, no uncertainty about it. A great deal, in reality the majority of the weapons were utilized for attack and Protection against manors. Manors were the most basic piece of the Medieval times. They held the lord, the workers and any other person Significant. On the off chance that you needed land or cash, a stronghold was the ideal Spot to hit. Portable Towers were only one thing used to lay attack on These manors. Not really a weapon itself, it held Weapons...knights and workers. Knights as well as laborers conveyed numerous weapons depending On what claim to fame they had. Some conveyed bows-and-bolts, others Maces, a few blades, some knifes, and so forth. A mace was a metal ball with metal spikes welded on the Ball. A chain was joined to a wood stick onto the ball. The Mace would not execute just torment. Other attack weapons incorporated the ballista, a HUGE Crossbow-like slingshot that could send an immense tree trunk 3 football fields Long. The ballasta was masculine for separating stronghold dividers, or for dispersing An intensely watched territory. The most ordinarily utilized weapon was the blade. It was a long metal Item that was exceptionally sharp on the two sides. The blade could really cut the Sheet metal on cutting edge vehicles. Envision this force through your neck! Close to the blade, the warriors held a little knife in a pocket on Their belt. This was utilized to polish individuals off, if all else fails, or here and there Indeed, even self destruction missions. Trebuchet, the name strikes dread in individuals' eyes, a HUMONGOUS Slingshot that could send a major monkeys stone 2 football fields. This Weapon could be utilized to obliterate manor dividers, or could even be utilized to execute Many individuals on the combat zone. In any case utilized, it was a major hazardous Weapon. Medieval Warfare and Weaponry In the Middle Ages, the honorability of numerous societies had huge fortresses worked to house a modest community just as themselves. These fortress were called manors, and they were so very much guarded that a few students of history have considered it the most imposing weapon of medieval fighting (Hull 1). As one can envision, vanquishing such a gigantic structure cost a lot of cash, much additional time, and numerous lives. There were three primary approaches to invade a mansion; each not any more typical than the other two. The main method to vanquish to stronghold is known as the attack. In an attack, a military would bar ways into the château, and keep on beating endlessly at the manor's protections until it was helpless against a last assault. In this type of ambush, the assaulting party didn't need to move toward the manor, as was required in a tempest, the subsequent method to assault a château. In an attack, enormous shots from slings regularly assaulted the bulwarks of the château. Appetite, plague, or real weapons, for example, Greek shoot bolts executed off the safeguards of the mansion. Greek fire was a blend involved exceptionally combustible substances that was excruciatingly hot. Bits of fabric were plunged into the Greek fire compound and wrapped it behind the leader of a bolt, and afterward lit ablaze. One more typical strategy in the attack was sabotaging. Subverting was the burrowin g of passages underneath towers. Be that as it may, the reasons for such underground action were not for section, yet to make insecurity in the towers and at long last reason their breaking down. The second, increasingly certain type of assault upon a mansion was the barricade. To bar a spot was to block all passage and takeoff from the site. In doing as such to a stronghold, one constrained their food flexibly, for a palace, in contrast to an estate, couldn't endure except if contact with the external world could be accomplished. Nonetheless, starving a stronghold out was exorbitant in both cash and particularly time. For quite a while a military trusted that the château will exhaust their assets, the military itself needed to keep on providing themselves with such assets and the warriors were to be paid for their watchful demonstration. In spite of the fact that it was expensive and extensive, barricade accomplished work. Richard the Lionhearted's fortress, the Chateau-Gaillard, which was worked in just a year along the Seine River, was sacked on March 6, 1204 by
Saturday, August 22, 2020
The Ball and Chain Why The NCAA Free Essays
Be The term, ââ¬Å"student athleteâ⬠is a polarizing one. In todays America, school sports especially football and b-ball, are as much a piece of the games enthusiastââ¬â¢s scene just like any pro game. Regardless, with excitement comes cash. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Ball and Chain: Why The NCAA or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now For this situation, billions of dollars are created by TV viewership, stock deals and college promoters. School competitors are the main impetus behind an industry where TV officials, college presidents, athletic chiefs and mentors are remunerated in a way which makes them among the most affluent eople on the planet. The competitors get consequently a training from a very much regarded college, alongside name and some of the time facial acknowledgment in their fields of intrigue. Be that as it may, the understudy on a material science grant gets a similar open door for training and name acknowledgment in his field that the competitor does. The thing that matters is, the material science understudy isnââ¬â¢t selling a huge number of dollars worth of Jerseys. The material science understudy is likewise permitted to seek after pay for applying his specialty as he sees fit while selected at the college while the competitor isn't permitted to work or ven acknowledge advantages achieved by his big name. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) fills in as the severe imposing business model which tries to profit by the fantasies of youthful competitors by requiring their bondage, similarity and name in return for the slimmest of chances to pull in work in their field of intrigue. Like some other oppressor or restraining infrastructure that preceded it, the NCAA ought to be annulled and supplanted with a model that is aware of fairness, just as human and social liberties. The NCAA has hindered each street that a competitor may need to apitalize on his difficult work during his time at his particular college. Recently has the legitimateness of such barriers been tested. Because of its reiteration of guidelines intended to smother player development or remuneration, many, for example, Pulitzer prize winning creator and student of history Taylor Branch, have contended that the present structure of the NCAA rivals that of a slave ranch or medication cartel. Branch laughs at the connection between's the terms ââ¬Å"student athleteâ⬠and ââ¬Å"amateur,â⬠expressing in an article in The Atlantic, ââ¬Å"No legitimate meaning of beginner exists, and any endeavor to make one in nforceable law would uncover its awful and illegal nature a bill of attainder, taking from school competitors the privileges of American citizenship. â⬠(Branch 2). At the core of that contention is the issue, what comprises a representative? Blacks Law word reference characterizes ââ¬Å"employeeâ⬠as ââ¬Å"a individual in the administration of another under any agreement of recruit, communicated or inferred, oral or composed, where the business has the force or option to control or direct the worker in the material subtleties of how the work is to be performedâ⬠(Muhl 2). An athletic grant is away from of a ritten contract which both plainly and certainly specifies that the school is happy to trade instruction for the athleteââ¬â¢s ben efits on the schoolââ¬â¢s sports group. Step by step instructions to refer to The Ball and Chain: Why The NCAA, Papers
Friday, August 21, 2020
The Pros and Cons of the Quarter System TKG
The Pros and Cons of the Quarter System Northwestern, UCLA, University of Chicago, Stanford--what do these schools all have in common? You guessed it: the quarter system.So youâre deciding whether or not to go to a school that operates on the quarter system. That means, rather than semesters, these institutions have four terms per year lasting 11-12 weeks each, as opposed to semesters, which last 15-16 weeks. (Not to get confused with the block plan of Colorado College, which has a unique thing).Itâs more than just having a few more classes per year and a slightly different schedule than the rest of your friends. Quarter system schools tend to begin in late September and let out in late June, while semester schools start in late August or after Labor Day and let out in May. Itâs just a few weeks differenceâ¦.right? Kind of. Weâll break it down for you.The Ups of the Quarter SystemYouâll never get bored. The quarter system moves at a ruthless pace, making your time in each class shorter than if you were on the se mester system. Enrolled in your mandatory Organic Chemistry course and hating it? Good news: you only have a few weeks left until itâs over. In the semester system, your torturous pre-req classes last for months.More time to specialize. More quarters means more classes. This means you have more time: more time to explore your major, more opportunities to take classes outside your major, and more time to take classes with professors you love. You get to learn more about yourself and what youâd want to study without feeling as rush in making a decision. In the semester system, a good chunk of your time is used to fill requirements, whether itâs core curriculum, or for your major.Longer winter break. Schools on the quarter system have almost double the time off--usually four full weeks during winter break. (Northwesternâs break between fall and winter quarters is December 10 through January 9th, for example.) Some semester schools only get a scant 10-14 days (weâre looking at you, Michigan). Going to a school on the quarter system means more time to unwind after the whirlwind of final exams.Of course, there cannot be pros without some requisite cons. Here is the flip side of the more advantageous aspects (scheduling, pacing, etc.) of schools that run on the quarter schedule:The Downsides of the Quarter System Youâre constantly in mid-terms. The fast pace of the quarter is all well and good until you realize you started class two weeks ago and your first midterm is next week. Woops. It certainly keeps you on your toes, but that ruthless pace we mentioned before is not for those prone to procrastination.The rest of the world operates on the assumption of semesters. Study abroad, summer internships and jobs--these are mostly structured around the assumption that the participants are in semester institutions. Most internships programs begin the first week of June, and quarter system schools donât even let out until June 28th. Of course, this doesnât mean youâll never have the opportunity to have an internship ( exceptions do get made), but it does add a hurdle to an already stressful process.Youâre stuck at home...all alone. A longer winter break is cool and all, but what about the second week of September when youâre still home with your parents and all your friends left for college three weeks ago and youâre little sister keeps barging into your room and you just really, really need to go to college already.Of course, these ups and downs pale in comparison to the ultimate decision, which is choosing a school based on whatâs right for you. Scheduling and pace may be taken into consideration, but whatever the pros and cons quarter system vs. semester, make sure youâre looking at the whole picture. If you need any help making this decision, we're here. Reach out.
Monday, May 25, 2020
An Analysis of The Dominate Perspectives of International...
In the world of international political economy, three dominant perspectives have emerged over time. The differences and similarities between the realist/mercantilist, liberalism, and historical structuralism perspectives are significant. In this essay, I will compare and contrast these dominant perspectives. First, I will give a historical account of how each perspective originated. Then I will outline the actors involved in each perspective, explore those actorsââ¬â¢ interests, and outline which of those actors set economic and political policy. Lastly, I will explore how those political and economic actors relate to each other. History Among the three dominant perspectives, realist/mercantilist is the oldest and some would argue the mostâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Adam Smith, now known to be the father of classical economics, later built on the theories put forth by The Physiocrats in his book ââ¬ËThe Wealth of Nationsââ¬â¢ . He argued that when individuals were free to pursue self-interest ââ¬Ëthe invisible handââ¬â¢ of the market would be more effective than the state as a regulator of the economy . Although Adam Smith and his followers were concerned about the abuse of power that the state had under the mercantilist system, they did not argue for an absolute Laissez-faire system, they still found a role for government in places like building infrastructure, creating a legal system, coining money and some regulation of foreign commerce to protect local industries . Later, John Stuart Mill, took this Laissez-faire theory and modified it ââ¬Å"advocating limited state action in areas, such as educating children and assisting the poor where individual initiative might be inadequate in promoting social welfare . John Maynard Keynes further adapted the Laissez-faire theory because he was skeptical of the invisible handââ¬â¢s ability to regulate the markets. He argued that government had to step in from time to time to regulate the economy, especially in times of chronic unemployment . Keynesââ¬â¢ vision shaped the world economy when it became embedded in the Bretton Woods system of economics that was adopted by the Allied nations after World War Two . In this system, states had an important role within their own borders concerningShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto Essay1691 Words à |à 7 Pagesspectrum, 34 million people dominate 113 trillion dollars. In comparison, at the bottom end of the spectrum, 34 billion people dom inate only 7.4 trillion dollars. However, in 2012 at the top end of the spectrum, 29 million people dominate 87.5 trillion dollars. In comparison, at the bottom end of the spectrum, 29 billion people dominate only 7.3 trillion dollars. Mass media, families, churches, state, courts of law, councils and the education system are examples of both political and social institutionsRead MoreUnderstanding the Convergence of Media Systems and Political Communication in the U.S. and Western Europe1054 Words à |à 5 PagesConvergence of Media Systems and Political Communication in the U.S. and Western Europe A powerful trend is clearly underway in the direction of greater similarity in the way the public sphere is structured across the world. In their products, in their professional practices and cultures, in their systems of relationships with other political and social institutions, media systems across the world are becoming increasingly alike. Political systems, meanwile, are becoming Read MoreAn Approach to the Regional Neoliberal Governance in Southern Africa from a Critical Perspective1177 Words à |à 5 Pagesapproach to the regional neoliberal governance in Southern Africa from a critical perspective. In order to examine the possible implications of neoliberalism in contemporary Africa, an analysis based on a regional dimension is important. The multiplicity of strategies and methods of governance in a specific regional context can appear merging, mingling or even clashing, since regions can be understood as political and social projects, where different actors act in favour of the maintenance, protectionRead MoreEssay on Hungary Economic Crisis1672 Words à |à 7 PagesBusiness Economic Analysis (BEA910M) 6 August 2012 Contents Executive Summary 3 Problem Identification and Analysis 3 Floating of the Currency (Forint) 3 A shift to the Right 3 Feud with the IMF 4 Crisis Taxes 4 Renationalisation of Pensions 4 Governance 5 Monetary Policy and Central Bank Independence 5 The Media Law 5 Loophole Legislating 5 Statement of Key Problems 5 Hungary had two major problems, namely: 5 Political Climate 6 Read MoreRealism, Liberalism And Constructivism : The Field Of International Relations1379 Words à |à 6 PagesIn the field of international relations, there are a multitude of theories or schools of thought. All of these theories have a different perspective on how the world operates and how states interact with each other. The more popular theories are realism, liberalism and constructivism. All three theories recognize that the international system is anarchical; there is no overarching power to govern world affairs. Realism is a view of international politics that emphasizes its competitive and conflictingRead More International Organizations1664 Words à |à 7 PagesAccording to Pease (2012), an international organization are conceived as formal institutions whose members are states and these are divided into two sub-groups called intergovernmental organizations (IGO) and non-governmental organizations (NGO). An IGO consists of states that voluntarily join, contribute financially, and assist in the decision making process. All of their membersââ¬â¢ resolves, structures, and administrative protocols are clearly outlined in the treaty or charter. An example ofRead MoreApple Corporation : Competitive Advantage With Evolving External Environment And Executive Succession Essay1493 Words à |à 6 Pagestechnologies that transform the daily operations of people across the globe. The company seeks to achieve this goal through constant innovation, production and marketing hardware and software solutions as well as other computer-related peripherals. Porter Analysis of the IT Industry Similar to other industries, the Information Technology sector where The Apple Corporation operates is characterized by an evolving external environment. The evolving external environment has tremendous effects on the operationsRead MoreThe Main Tenets Of Realism1325 Words à |à 6 Pagessubject of national and international discussions since World War 2. In a recent attempt to lower the threat of nuclear war, America along with its allies have been negotiating with Iran to reduce Iranââ¬â¢s nuclear capabilities. The debate has been in progress for years and Iran has a blanket of sanctions to prevent economic growth without dismantling its nuclear facilities. There are many traditions used by politicians and diplomats at all levels of government in regards to international relations. PresidentRead MoreFactors Affecting The Electoral Elections Of Zimbabwe And South Africa1345 Words à |à 6 Pagesparty worth voting for. South Africa s new democracy in a comparative perspective, one s enthusiasm is greatly tempered, if not altogether removed. Cross-national analysis has highlighted three broad sets of factors crucial to democratic consolidation: a growing economy that steadily reduces inequality; stable and predictable political institutions; and a supportive political culture. In terms of these factors, an analysis of South Africa yields, at best, some reasons for guarded optimism and,Read More1.1 Companyââ¬â¢S Goal. Oppo, As A Leader Of Chinaââ¬â¢S Mobile1265 Words à |à 6 Pagesimproving the popularity of their brand, which is conducive to set customers ââ¬Å"Young, Fashionable and Internationalâ⬠brand images. Besides, they want to attract more customers to be faithful via the brand images. And the companyââ¬â¢s ultimate goal is to occupy a favorable market share, then become the leading digital brand in the world. Meanwhile, they hope to model a sustained and healthy example in the international arena. As a successful company, it possesses thorough missions and values. On one hand,
Thursday, May 14, 2020
To Kill a Mockingbird Discrimination Essay - 873 Words
Discrimination is prevalent in the story ââ¬Å"To Kill a Mockingbirdâ⬠, the most obvious being the excessive amount of racism (Lee). Racism is the easiest to see but there are more forms of discrimination (Lee). Boo Radley is ostracized from the community when truly nobody really knows him (Lee). People discriminate Scout for being a tomboy not a lady (Lee). The last one that no one ever thinks about is how reverse racism is seen when people threaten Atticus for defending Tom Robinson in court (Lee). Discrimination in any form is a controversial topic but everyone knows that it is not right to discriminate against people. Racism is still a very controversial topic in todayââ¬â¢s society but still not as bad as seen in the time periodâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬Å"You arent really a nigger-lover, then, are you? (Lee 107-09). I certainly am. I do my best to love everybody... Im hard put, sometimesââ¬âbaby, its never an insult to be called what somebody think s is a bad name. It just shows you how poor that person is, it doesnt hurt you.â⬠(Lee 107-09). This quote is one of many that show how racism is used in the story. In this quote Scout has heard someone call Atticus a nigger lover because he is Tom Robinsons lawyer and he is trying to his best job to help him as he can (Lee). Scout doesnââ¬â¢t really understand at first what a nigger lover is until Atticus explains it to her. The community has ostracized Boo Radley from the community even though most people donââ¬â¢t know him. ââ¬Å"Inside the house lived a malevolent phantom. People said he existed, but Jem and I had never seen him. People said he went out at night when the moon was down, and peeped in windows.â⬠(Lee 5). This is how the community saw Boo Radley in the beginning of the book (Lee). This outlook of Boo has made everyone scared to even walk past his familyââ¬â¢s house (Lee). At the end of the book Boo helps Scout and Jem out from an attack from Bob Ewell when they were on their way back home (Lee). After that event they look at Boo differently till the end of the story. This type of discrimination happens in todayââ¬â¢s society still and in movies everyone has seen such as the ââ¬Å"Sandlotâ⬠.Show MoreRelatedEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird955 Words à |à 4 Pages Why is there discrimination? Discrimination is everywhere in the world and there a lways has been. People are discriminated against because they are different, whether that is ethnicity, religion, social class or gender, everyone is going to be discriminated against because they arenââ¬â¢t ââ¬Å"normalâ⬠. Society can fight back, they donââ¬â¢t have to accept this hatred that prevails throughout the world. Everybody just needs to have courage, integrity and tolerance, the necessary traits to help end the discriminationRead MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird1092 Words à |à 5 PagesDiscrimination, it has been part of human nature for a long time, especially relevant subject in literature such as To Kill a Mockingbird. In Harper Leeââ¬â¢s To Kill a Mockingbird, the main character of Scout Finch was exposed to different types of discrimination as she grows up. Discrimination affected the lives of characters in Harper Leeââ¬â¢s To Kill a Mocking Bird because of societyââ¬â¢s prejudicial views of race, gender, and class. Discrimination based on race is a huge part of this story, particularlyRead MoreRacial Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird848 Words à |à 4 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in the 1930ââ¬â¢s. The story stretches over a span of three years through the duration of the Great Depression. The Jim Crow laws ââ¬Å"was a system of segregation and discrimination that barred black Americans from a status equal to that of white Americans,â⬠as described by Tsahai Tafari (1). In To Kill a Mockingbird, Jean Louise ââ¬Å"Scoutâ⬠Finch occasionally acknowledges the social separation between African Americans and Caucasians in Maycomb. The institutionalRead MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird2101 Words à |à 9 PagesDiscrimination can be defined as a ââ¬Å"prejudiced or prejudicial outlook, action, or treatmentâ⬠(Discrimination. Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2017.). Discrimination and prejudice make justic e difficult to achieve, allowing inequality to ensue. In the film To Kill a Mockingbird, directed by Robert Mulligan and in the film A Time to Kill, directed by Joel Schumacher, this issue is obvious. Both films take place in the Southern United States at a time when racism was at itsRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Discrimination Essay766 Words à |à 4 PagesMansour 1 Batoul Mansour Mrs. C. Disley ENG1Dc 12 December 2017 Behind the discrimination of maycomb Unfair treatment makes discrimination evident. Harper Leeââ¬â¢s novel To Kill a Mockingbird takes place when The Great Depression occurred during the 1930ââ¬â¢s in an Alabama small town called ââ¬Å"Maycombâ⬠. To Kill a Mockingbird is written in the perspective of a little girl by the name of Jean Louise Finch (Scout finch) who is a stubborn, impulsive and outspoken little girl who throughout the novel gainsRead MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird815 Words à |à 4 PagesThis is no different in Maycomb County, Alabama. In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, the discrimination of race and class is shown when an African American man named Tom Robinson was unlawfully accused and was declared guilty of raping a white woman. Discrimination has impacted the lives of Tom Robinson, Atticus Finch, and Calpurnia. Tom Robinson is an African American male whose life has been impacted by discrimination when he was declared guilty of raping a white woman. The evidenceRead MoreThe Effects of Discrimination -to Kill a Mockingbird1807 Words à |à 8 PagesThe Effects of Discrimination Kaitlyn Hrasko ââ¬Å"If you believe that discrimination exists, it will.â⬠-Anthony J. Dââ¬â¢Angelo. Discrimination has been around since the beginning of time. In Harper Lees novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, the narrator, a young girl by the name of Scout, comes to realize all of the different types of discrimination. Her father Atticus is a lawyer and fights for the rights of others; Scout is taught by her father at a young age, that discrimination is erroneous. With the guidanceRead MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird815 Words à |à 4 PagesPeople often say that thinking like a child is immature and wrong, but what if it could change someones perspective on life? In To Kill a Mockingbird children seem to view big things like injustice and discrimination differently than adults. Children are able to understand the right and wrong of situations from a different perspective. ââ¬Å"Scout, I think Iââ¬â¢m beginning to understand something. I think Iââ¬â¢m beginning to understand why Boo Radleyââ¬â¢s stayed shut up in the house all this time...itââ¬â¢s becauseRead MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird1090 Words à |à 5 Pagescalled prejudice. People have thoughts like these everyday, every hour, every minute, every second, this does not mean it is right. In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the people of Maycomb have these thoughts against people like Tom Robinson or Walter Cunningham. But there are some strong characters that go against all the discrimination against these people.Harper lee conveys that a persons income or race does not make them less of a person through the words, thoughts, and actionsRead MoreEffects Of Racial Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird1526 Words à |à 7 PagesRacial discrimination is when you treat someone differently based on the color of their skin or when you think different races exist in the world. Racial discrimination comes in two different forms extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic is when you believe that a certain race is bad. Intrinsic racism is when you have a specific hatred towards a certain race. To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel that shows many forms of racial discrimination that was written b y Harper Lee in the 1960ââ¬â¢s. In To Kill a Mockingbird
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Crucible, Directed By Nicholas Hytner Essay - 2664 Words
The movie I chose to research was The Crucible, directed by Nicholas Hytner but written by Arthur Miller. This film starred a young Wynona Ryder along with Daniel day-Lewis and Paul Scofield. Originally released on November 27th 1996, the film was well received even being nominated for an Oscar in 1997, along with 26 additional academy awards that year, sadly it only won 4. Of course a film about witchcraft, an affair, and people being hanged would spark controversy especially since it was rated at pg-13 but nothing major was said about this. Although it could have attributed to the few number of awards won. On the other hand Rolling stone magazine said in an article ââ¬Å"In the film s most complex role, Day-Lewis performs with quiet power. Playing nobility can make actors insufferable, but Day-Lewis keeps John Proctor human even when saddled with smudgy makeup and fake brown teeth for his final scene.â⬠giving the film an overall positive review. The film The Crucible opens with a group of young girls and a slave named Tituba dancing around a fire in the woods of Salem, Massachusetts. A man sees the girls dancing; he startles them and they scatter but the 2 youngest girls are scared so much so that they pass out and enter a coma like state. The man we later find out is a reverend, one of the younger girl s father, and the uncle of the ring leader of this dancing party. His daughter Betty was one of the comatose girls. Reverend Parris called in an expert in witchcraft,Show MoreRelatedThe Crucible Compare And Contrast Essay1137 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Crucible is play by Arthur Miller, made in 1953 and it is about a fictional story of The Salem witch trials that occurred in the late 1600ââ¬â¢s. The film, The Crucible, was made in 1996, directed by Nicholas Hytner, and was made to show Millers work on the big screen so it could appeal to the new generation. The film and the text, The Crucible, have numerous similarities, ye t in addition the movie will give you a better understanding of Arthur Millers work. Characterization in the play and inRead MoreComparison Of The Movie The Crucible827 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Crucible, a movie directed by Nicholas Hytner, was critically acclaimed and earned several awards. It received an Academy Award nomination for best screenplay based on material previously produced or published, a BAFTA award for best-adapted screenplay, and Golden Globe awards for supporting actor and actress in a motion picture. In Empireââ¬â¢s review, they say, ââ¬Å"In this almost perfect screen adaptation, the lingering question is the most important one: what caused such madness?â⬠This movie adaptationRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1314 Words à |à 6 Pages Based off of the play written by Arthur Miller, The Crucible is based on the true story about the Salem Witch Trials which were held in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The main actors are Daniel Day-Lewis who plays Proctor, Winona Ryder as Abigail, Paul Scofield as Judge Danforth, Joan Allen as Elizabeth, Bruce Davison as Parris, and Rob Campbell as Hale. The movie was directed by Nicholas Hytner and was produced by David Picker. The action ââ¬Å"takes place in 1692 at a time when people were livingRead MoreCrucible Essay Example888 Words à |à 4 PagesJustice and The Crucible While justice is meant to be directed with upmost fairness and equality, Arthur Millerââ¬â¢s film The Crucible demonstrates that this does not always succeed, and in many situations the forces of injustices are exposed. From different points of views, justice can be formed or destroyed. In the film The Crucible, Arthur Miller convinces his audience that reason, emotion, and character shows injustice throughout the social hardship in a Puritan community. Justice is one of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 961 Words à |à 4 Pages Movie paper analysis of The crucible The circumstance brought upon a person can change them greatly. The Crucible edited and rewritten by Arthur Miller, is a movie which takes place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The leading actors are Daniel Day-Lewis as Proctor, Winona Ryder as Abigail, Paul Scofield as Judge Danforth, Joan Allen as Elizabeth, Bruce Davison as Parris, and Rob Campbell as Hale. It was directed by Nicholas Hytner and was Based on the witch hunt which surrounded MassachusettsRead MoreThe Crucible By Nicholas Hytner Essay2598 Words à |à 11 Pages The movie I chose to research was the crucible, directed by Nicholas Hytner but written by Arthur Miller. This film starred a young Wynona Ryder along with Daniel day-Lewis and Paul Scofield. Originally released on November 27th 1996, the film was well received even being nominated for an Oscar in 1997, along with 26 additional academy awards that year, sadly it only won 4. Of course a film about witchcraft, an affair, and people being hanged would spa rk controversy especially since it was rated
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Biographies On Salvador Dali Essay Example For Students
Biographies On Salvador Dali Essay The lone difference between me and a lunatic is that I am non huffy, said Salvador Dali, one of the most celebrated Surrealist creative persons of his clip. Like many other modern creative persons, Dalà , was interested in the relationship between lunacy and creativeness. Surely the plants of these creative persons, with their bizarre scenes and antic dreamscape quality, appear to be the consequences of unstable heads. Where does the creativeness terminal and madness start? This inquiry should be scrutinized when it comes to the relationship between lunacy and creativeness in the universe of modern art. Although there are a batch of lifes on Salvador Dalà , cipher has to the full attempted to look into the truth behind his supposed madness . Many opinionative and conflicting comments have been made in books and essays which tend to miss account or grounds when it comes to madness versus creativeness. Persons either acknowledge the creative person to hold been a bizarre and mentally disturbed single, or a compulsive and manipulative prevaricator who feigned his ain lunacy in order to derive success. During Dalà s life-time, he went to great lengths to maintain parts of his private life secret, which made it hard to look into in full deepness. He made efforts to seek and guarantee that every literary text was read ( by himself ) and corrected before publication. The foundation of Dalà s artistic success was the uneven personality he had created for himself. It could be said that in order to mark the legendary position he received during his life-time ; Dalà would non let his true individuality to be questioned. Sebastian s Arrows ( Maurer, 2004 ) ( incorporating letters between Dalà and Frederico Garcà a Lorca, 1925-1936 ) , contains really few letters received by the creative person. The absence of written communicating between Dalà and his household, friends, or married woman Gala besides raises intuition. Whether Dalà discarded any written grounds that hinted some truth about who he truly was or whether this was destroyed in the fire at his palace in Pubol ( 30th August 1984 ) still remains a enigma. As a consequence, Dalà s extremely criticized autobiography, The Secret Life ( 1993 ) , has been used by many in their research in order to explicate his lunacy. His month-long journal ( 1920 ) and Ana Maria s Salvador Dalà : Visto per su Hermana ( 1949 ) , make The Secret Life glaringly evident that it could be fabricated. It is the publication of these literary texts, every bit good as the work of Gibson ( 1997 ) and Secrest ( 1986 ) , that has allowed one to get down to obtain a more thorough and rounded apprehension of the creative person s life and individuality. As chief beginnings of information here mention is made to Dalà s publications ( The Manic Eyeball, 2004 ; The Secret Life, 1993 ) , to The Shameful Life ( Gibson ) , and The Surrealist Jester ( Secrest ) . The relationship between creativeness and abnormal psychology in ocular creative persons has received less attending than in, say, authors. On the footing of fictional stuff Karlsson ( 1970 ) found the rate of psychosis in great painters to be 35 % , good above that for normal people which was 2 % . Besides, Schildkraut, Hirschfeld, and Murphy ( 1996 ) reported that affectional personality and single differences upsets were 10 times more dominant and the rate of suicidal behaviour three times greater in a group of New York abstract impressionist painters compared to the general population. In a survey of life painters ( Akiskal A ; Akiskal, 1988 ) 50 % were found to see major depressive episodes, while two-thirds had recurrent hypomanic inclinations. Additionally, Post s ( 1994 ) biographical survey on celebrated ocular creative persons and authors from the past 150 old ages showed that 37 % of the creative persons suffered from terrible abnormal psychology, 42 % from depression an d 12.5 % from intoxicant dependance. Enfeebling traits of Cluster C ( anxiousness based ) personality upsets were present in 50 % of the ocular creative persons. Turning to personality traits, Csikszentmihalyi and Getzels ( 1973 ) found art pupils to be more sensitive, serious, introverted, adventuresome, and extremist in positions and behaviour. Female ocular creative persons seemed to be more dominant than college females and male creative persons more sensitive than college males. Compared to visual/advertising art pupils, those analyzing all right art were less sociable and conservative, and more sensitive and airy. In a ulterior survey ( Getzels A ; Csikszentmihalyi, 1976 ) , comparing 176 Chicago art pupils to 176 non-art pupils, it was found that the former had a really distinguishable set of personality features. They were à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦imaginative, extremist, self-sufficing, and thoughtful. They found that creative persons were so more alone on certain personality traits but that the extent of these traits did non compare with the person s endowment ; alternatively it was shown to reflect how successful they had been in passion ately advancing their work. The writers concluded that, the result does non surprise us but confirms that success in the humanistic disciplines is non synonymous with artistic significance or originality . Talent is needed but, besides a capacity to last the fugitive caprices of gustatory sensation, manner, or claims as to their truth or value, in order to do one s merchandises of originality a success ( Getzels A ; Csikszentmihalyi, 1976 ) . Salvador Dalà could be described as a philosopher, theoretician, lector, designer, jewelry maker, discoverer, set and costume interior decorator, novelist, poet, film manufacturer and one of the most successful creative persons of all clip. He was continuously originative and his worldwide success is verification that his productions are appreciated and valued greatly. Dalà is every bit much known for his eccentric behaviour and eccentricity as he is for his artistic production. He and his art were contemplations of one and other: he lived and breathed his art. For some, Dalà has become the prototype of lunacy itself although there are several ways of explicating his behaviour. It is possible that: ( a ) he could so hold suffered from some kind of psychological unwellness that may hold been familial ( along with his creativeness ) ; ( B ) he could hold suffered from a personality upset or at least possessed a aggregation of disagreeable personality traits that motivated his actions ; or ( degree Celsius ) he consciously created an artistic personality for himself in order to win. There have been intimations on Dalà holding hallucinations in his autobiography ( The Secret Life, 1993 ) ; which he described many of his visions with lucidity and preciseness. He claimed in his younger old ages to hold seen a adult female in a nightgown seated beside the window in his sleeping room ( The Surrealist Jester, p. 31 ) . Some of his reported childhood hallucinations were upseting and there are many studies of him being prevented from kiping due to his . . .head being full of rot and decease ( The Surrealist Jester, P. 26 ) . Dalà imagined babe kangaroos submerging in their female parent s pouch that was full of milk and had re-occurring dreams of his female parent holding unwritten sex with him, get downing his phallus in the procedure. These sexual images appeared to hold haunted him throughout his life. He dedicated pages of his autobiography to the elaborate descriptions of the memories of his birth and being inside his female parent s uterus. Another illust ration of his lunacy was that Dalà spoke of imaginary people . Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around by Salvador Dali Essay. The eccentricity of his visual aspect forced lower status on anyone that tried to come excessively near. It consisted of a silk blouse with tremendous puffed arms, a low neckline and a necklace and watchband of pearls. He attacked the shirt with scissors so that one of his mammillas, a shoulder, and his umbilicus could be seen. He cut his articulatio genuss and axillas so that they were bloodied and his pants were put on inside-out. The concluding touches were an tremendous ruddy geranium placed behind his ear and a grotesque malodor that he manufactured out of fish gum, aspic, and caprine animal manure. Dalà used his visual aspect as a signifier of self-advertisement which enhanced the singularity of his pre-designed theoretical account. Some such as Prince de Jean-Louis Faucigny-Lucinge, at first, were instead leery. He described ( in an interview, discussed by Secrest inThe Surrealist Jester, p. 195 ) how he a bout cancelled a dark out in New York with Dalà believing to himself, How can I walk around with a figure of merriment? Yet the people environing Dalà shortly found that his costumes were highly successful ( He was immediately recognized and received everywhere-The Surrealist Jester, p. 195 ) . His image was of import in his success and a author for Life ( 24th July 1970 ) observed The huffy mastermind sells like nil else . Dalà was highly conceited ; he had a demand for worship and changeless re-assurance of his beauty , uniqueness and genius from those environing him. The demand to build a unflawed personality is one of the ways in which kids can counterbalance for an deficient sense of dignity and the greater the lack felt. Dalà s deficiency of dignity may hold been the consequence of both his parents believing that Dalà was to be a re-incarnation of their dead boy ( besides named Salvador ) . From an early age he believed that he was non being loved for himse lf or more specifically was being valued for what he was non. In The Secret Life he stated that, when ( he ) looked in his female parent s eyes what ( he ) saw was non ( his ) ain contemplation, but a shade ( p. 58 ) . He stated that his senior brother was, . . .buried with half my psyche. ( Manic Eyeball, p. 44 ) Dalà s sister described her brother as . . .an model being. Tender, full of appeal and contemplation. . . ( 1949, p. 32 ) . She expressed the presence of his more pleasant and sensitive side to his private personality. However, whatever personality Dalà was stand foring, one could neer reason his behaviour to be normal . During tiffin when I was noticing on the unhappy terminal of our good professor of mathematics, and although I was unfeignedly affected, I felt an resistless desire to laugh. I do non cognize why. ( Age 16 ) The Surrealist Jester ( p. 105 ) Dalà seemed really nervous in societal state of affairss and this inclination to express joy hysterically yet uncontrollably and frequently unsuitably appeared when Dalà was 16. A similar form was seen in his early brushs with Gala. He could non talk for his uninterrupted inappropriate cryings and laughter. Peoples in Madrid detected his utmost timidness ; Josà © Bello described him some old ages after their first meeting as, . . .the most self-aware individual he had of all time met , blushing often and almost sick with timidness ( The Shameful Life, p. 93 ) . Julien Levy ( who met Dalà in the summer of 1931 ) explained the creative person s behaviour during their first meeting ; He was perturbing to me. . .not because of ambiguity but instead by his resolved strength and candor. He fixed his piercing black eyes on me ; he crowded against me, his ungratified custodies picking at my arm or suit lapel or fliting decidedly as he described his Dalà nian theories. . .His eyes rattled like frenetic juggle balls and his dentition gnawed at his lip until it was visibly sore. . . ( Levy, 1977, p. 80 ) Dalà lived a comparatively sober life and was non a large drinker. Nor is it probably that he indulged in other drugs, though the grounds is ill-defined. It could surely true that many of the Surrealists did dabble in the usage of opium, LSD, and hash to help them in the production of their dream exposure . Interestingly though, after handling Dalà in 1983 ( following a fire at his place ) Dr. Garcia San Miguel ( 1984 ) declared that the aged Dalà asked his unwilling attenders for LSD . . .to inspire images for his picture . Gibson besides believed that Dalà was non inauspicious to the occasional experiment ( The Shameful Life, p. 609 ) . But there is no conclusive grounds either manner. Gibson ( 1997 ) highlighted that, if anything, the creative person wanted the public to believe that he strongly disagreed with the usage of drugs. He did non necessitate drugs as he wanted everyone to believe he was every bit or even more successful than the other Surrealists in his production of dream pictures utilizing his natural abilities. Or, as Dalà himself put it: I do nt make drugs. I am drugs . Take me, I am the drug ; take me, I am hallucinogenic ( 1970 ) . It is non necessary for me depth psychology, because I am non brainsick. You see my sort of daftness is one daftness of preciseness and lucidity, to the reverse of a psychopathalogical s daftness. As a concluding decision in this effort to explicate his madness , the psychological consequences have subjected to error, hyperbole, and over reading ; particularly in the instance of Dalà , given that his mental province is masked by secretiveness and calculated misrepresentation. The analysis of Dalà should be taken for what it is: an effort show from a different position the enigma of Dalà s psychological science. Dalà could be classified as an utmost creative person and could neer be defined as a normal person. No normal individual would travel to such lengths in order to derive success or possibly more to the point be able to believe up the images in his work. The domination of his life by his munificent desires, the authorship of his self-obsessed autobiography, a li fe of showmanship, and the matrimony to a adult female who used, abused, and humiliated him all combine to mean some signifier of eccentricity from the norm ; even leting for the fact he might consciously even cynically have exploited this for his ain, commercial or other, terminals. Finally, it can non be stated excessively strongly that Dalà s eccentricity from the norm should non be allowed take away any of his illustriousness. It is excessively easy to respond negatively when the term disorder is used, in any context. Dalà and his part to the history of art is a perfect illustration for foregrounding the fact that abnormalcy is non needfully disagreeable or to be so enthusiastically discarded as a mark of a neurological disease. For without his instability, Dalà may non hold created the great art that he did.
Wednesday, April 8, 2020
child abuse and elder abuse Essay Example
child abuse and elder abuse Essay Child Abuse and Elder Abuse Child Abuse Child abuse is any abnormal behavior, which is directed towards a child and it usually takes many forms. The different forms of child abuse are child sexual abuse, pedophilia, physical abuse, child neglect, emotional neglect and failure to thrive. Most of these forms of child abuse could be very direct while the others are not very direct. Therefore, the forms that are not direct usually require a person who is not biased of anything and qualified to prove that there is child abuse (Emedicinehealth, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on child abuse and elder abuse specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on child abuse and elder abuse specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on child abuse and elder abuse specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The article ââ¬Å"Morning the Life of a Beaten Toddlerâ⬠describes a case of a child abuse, which was very horrific. It was a form of physical abuse where the foster mother companion of the child, Mrs. Oliver, beat her child who later died in the hospital. Mrs. Oliver was the companion of Ms Cummings who was the foster mother of the child. Mrs. Oliver used a metal rod or baseball bat to beat the child, who was eighteen months old, known as Louis Dewayne Mosely. The child, Mosely, sustained several injuries, which led to his death. ââ¬Å"According to the police, Mosely, had been left in the care of Mr. Oliver, by Ms Cummings, the foster mother, in her apartment in Cypress Hill, Brooklynâ⬠(Robbins, 2011). The most shocking part of the incident was that the child was only eighteen months and that he did not know anything and additionally, the child was very helpless, that is, he could defend himself from the activity. The form of child abuse, which was involved in this case, was physical abuse. This kind of abuse was very direct and the parent, Kysheen Oliver, intended to beat her child. Although, the reasons for beating her child are not yet known, there is no reason, which the mother can give to justify the acts of committing the horrific act of beating her child to death. It was clear that the mother used an object like that of a metal rod or a baseball bat to perform the physical abuse to the small child who was very helpless. In conjunction to the physical abuse of the child as form of child abuse, the foster mother also committed murder in the first degree. The medical examiners gave very conclusive results on how the boy died (Robbins, 2011). The boy died from injuries of the physical abuse, which were inflicted by the foster mother. Additionally, it can be said that the mother was not acting in defense of her dear life because she was beating a helpless child who did not understand what was happening and neither did the child have the ability to protect himself from the beating. To make matters worse the mother used an object to beat the small innocent boy. Therefore, the mother will have to answer on charges of child abuse in the form of physical abuse and committing murder. This kind of child abuse has affected several people who have been the victims of the death of the child. First, if the boy survived the physical abuse, he would have been affected very much. The boy would have grown up in fear and this could have even led to post-traumatic stress disorder due to the kind of physical abuse or violence that he has experienced in his life at that young age. Additionally, the social life of that boy could have been ruined because he would have lacked confidence in himself leading to him becoming a loner. However, since the young boy died, the victims of this physical abuse were the different people who attended the funeral and the foster father of the child, Mr. Oliver. First, Mr. Oliver has been hit by a lot of shock in disbelief due to the kind of abuse committed by his wife. He does not believe that his own wife whom he loved and trusted with their child could ever commit such a horrific crime towards their child. He has been affected emotionally and this will never live his mind. Additionally, the people who attended the funeral were hit by disbelief and they were emotionally disturbed that somebody could beat up a helpless child to death. However, it should not be forgotten that the mother of the child needs serious medical attention. Elder Abuse Elder abuse can be defined as any type harm, which is directed towards the older people. There are very many forms of elder abuse, which can be charged in a court of law. These forms of elder abuse are physical elder abuse, mental elder abuse, elder abuse neglect, and exploitation/financial elder abuse (Elder abuse foundation, 2011). They could be also direct or indirect where they need a person who is not biased and is very professional in determining whether there has been a form of elder abuse. It is worth noting that elder abuse occurs to those people who are elderly like the grandfathers and grandmothers. An example of a good case is in the article ââ¬Å"Facing Up to Elder Abuse,â⬠which was in the New York Times. The case is about an elderly person who was being abused by her own son. The elder woman, Anne DeBraw, describes the abuse, which has being going on for a couple of years (LeDuff, 1997). She remembers one incident when she was walking home and heard the footsteps of the prowler her roof. It was very dark and therefore, she could not clearly see who it was. Suddenly the prowler jumped from the roof towards her and attacked her. When the elderly woman is giving her story, she burst into tears because of the way she has been so terrified of the prowler and yet she could do nothing because the prowler was her own son (LeDuff, 1997). The prowler used to beat her and inflict injuries on her body. This had being going on for quite some time and she used to stay in fear without any help in her own home. The form of elder abuse involved in the case is physical elder abuse. The prowler has been attacking the elderly woman, his mother, by beating her up and causing physical bodily harm. The woman is about seventy-nine years old, making it a form of elder abuse. It makes it an elderly abuse because the prowler did this intentionally and the old woman did not provoke her in doing this. The most horrific thing is that the prowler beat up his biological mother causing injuries without even caring for her or having any feelings. On the same case, another form of elder abuse is the elder abuse neglect. The son shows this where he has neglected his own mother to the point of beating her up (LeDuff, 1997). This means that the son does not care about her mother in the fact that she is not able to do some of the things that she used to do to him when she was taking care of him as a child. Instead of helping her, he continuously beat her without any reason. This kind of neglect is the one that is making the elderly woman not to be able in protecting herself or even going forward and reporting this to the police. This is because the person who was supposed to be protecting her as neglected her and instead he is beating her up. Therefore, in a court of law, her son should be charged with elder abuse neglect because of the kind of treatment he accords to her own mother. To some point of view, it might be direct therefore, a professional person should be appointed to evaluate this form of elder abuse. Additionally, her son should be charged with physical elder abuse. This form of abuse is very direct because the evidence, which has been brought forward, is very direct. Lastly, the son can be charged committing assault on his mother. This is where he beats her mother intentionally. This elder abuse usually contains some effects, which affects the victims. In this case, the elderly woman is the victim of the case, she is very much affected by the situation to appoint where, and when she is telling the story, she burst into tears. This elderly woman has undergone serious emotional stress where she leaves in fear in her on home. Additionally, the woman is in shock because she cannot believe that her own son who she has brought up into a grown young man can beat her up without even having any feelings for her (LeDuff, 1997). Lastly, the old woman is very much affected because the people who are supposed to be protecting her and taking care of her have neglected her. Therefore, the old woman will continue to stay in constant fear not unless she gets medical help. References Elder abuse foundation, (April 20, 2011). Forms of Elder Abuse. Elder Abuse Foundation. Retrieved from: http://www.elder-abuse-foundation.com/html/forms.html Emedicinehealth, (April 20, 2011). Child Abuse. WebMD Inc. Retrieved from: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/child_abuse/article_em.htm LeDuff, C., (August 24, 1997). Facing Up to Elder Abuse. The New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/24/nyregion/facing-up-to-elder-abuse.html?src=pm Robbins, L. (April 6, 2011). Morning the short life of a beaten toddler. The New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/07/nyregion/07funeral.html?_r=1ref=childabuseandneglect child abuse and elder abuse Essay Example child abuse and elder abuse Essay Child Abuse and Elder Abuse Child Abuse Child abuse is any abnormal behavior, which is directed towards a child and it usually takes many forms. The different forms of child abuse are child sexual abuse, pedophilia, physical abuse, child neglect, emotional neglect and failure to thrive. Most of these forms of child abuse could be very direct while the others are not very direct. Therefore, the forms that are not direct usually require a person who is not biased of anything and qualified to prove that there is child abuse (Emedicinehealth, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on child abuse and elder abuse specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on child abuse and elder abuse specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on child abuse and elder abuse specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The article ââ¬Å"Morning the Life of a Beaten Toddlerâ⬠describes a case of a child abuse, which was very horrific. It was a form of physical abuse where the foster mother companion of the child, Mrs. Oliver, beat her child who later died in the hospital. Mrs. Oliver was the companion of Ms Cummings who was the foster mother of the child. Mrs. Oliver used a metal rod or baseball bat to beat the child, who was eighteen months old, known as Louis Dewayne Mosely. The child, Mosely, sustained several injuries, which led to his death. ââ¬Å"According to the police, Mosely, had been left in the care of Mr. Oliver, by Ms Cummings, the foster mother, in her apartment in Cypress Hill, Brooklynâ⬠(Robbins, 2011). The most shocking part of the incident was that the child was only eighteen months and that he did not know anything and additionally, the child was very helpless, that is, he could defend himself from the activity. The form of child abuse, which was involved in this case, was physical abuse. This kind of abuse was very direct and the parent, Kysheen Oliver, intended to beat her child. Although, the reasons for beating her child are not yet known, there is no reason, which the mother can give to justify the acts of committing the horrific act of beating her child to death. It was clear that the mother used an object like that of a metal rod or a baseball bat to perform the physical abuse to the small child who was very helpless. In conjunction to the physical abuse of the child as form of child abuse, the foster mother also committed murder in the first degree. The medical examiners gave very conclusive results on how the boy died (Robbins, 2011). The boy died from injuries of the physical abuse, which were inflicted by the foster mother. Additionally, it can be said that the mother was not acting in defense of her dear life because she was beating a helpless child who did not understand what was happening and neither did the child have the ability to protect himself from the beating. To make matters worse the mother used an object to beat the small innocent boy. Therefore, the mother will have to answer on charges of child abuse in the form of physical abuse and committing murder. This kind of child abuse has affected several people who have been the victims of the death of the child. First, if the boy survived the physical abuse, he would have been affected very much. The boy would have grown up in fear and this could have even led to post-traumatic stress disorder due to the kind of physical abuse or violence that he has experienced in his life at that young age. Additionally, the social life of that boy could have been ruined because he would have lacked confidence in himself leading to him becoming a loner. However, since the young boy died, the victims of this physical abuse were the different people who attended the funeral and the foster father of the child, Mr. Oliver. First, Mr. Oliver has been hit by a lot of shock in disbelief due to the kind of abuse committed by his wife. He does not believe that his own wife whom he loved and trusted with their child could ever commit such a horrific crime towards their child. He has been affected emotionally and this will never live his mind. Additionally, the people who attended the funeral were hit by disbelief and they were emotionally disturbed that somebody could beat up a helpless child to death. However, it should not be forgotten that the mother of the child needs serious medical attention. Elder Abuse Elder abuse can be defined as any type harm, which is directed towards the older people. There are very many forms of elder abuse, which can be charged in a court of law. These forms of elder abuse are physical elder abuse, mental elder abuse, elder abuse neglect, and exploitation/financial elder abuse (Elder abuse foundation, 2011). They could be also direct or indirect where they need a person who is not biased and is very professional in determining whether there has been a form of elder abuse. It is worth noting that elder abuse occurs to those people who are elderly like the grandfathers and grandmothers. An example of a good case is in the article ââ¬Å"Facing Up to Elder Abuse,â⬠which was in the New York Times. The case is about an elderly person who was being abused by her own son. The elder woman, Anne DeBraw, describes the abuse, which has being going on for a couple of years (LeDuff, 1997). She remembers one incident when she was walking home and heard the footsteps of the prowler her roof. It was very dark and therefore, she could not clearly see who it was. Suddenly the prowler jumped from the roof towards her and attacked her. When the elderly woman is giving her story, she burst into tears because of the way she has been so terrified of the prowler and yet she could do nothing because the prowler was her own son (LeDuff, 1997). The prowler used to beat her and inflict injuries on her body. This had being going on for quite some time and she used to stay in fear without any help in her own home. The form of elder abuse involved in the case is physical elder abuse. The prowler has been attacking the elderly woman, his mother, by beating her up and causing physical bodily harm. The woman is about seventy-nine years old, making it a form of elder abuse. It makes it an elderly abuse because the prowler did this intentionally and the old woman did not provoke her in doing this. The most horrific thing is that the prowler beat up his biological mother causing injuries without even caring for her or having any feelings. On the same case, another form of elder abuse is the elder abuse neglect. The son shows this where he has neglected his own mother to the point of beating her up (LeDuff, 1997). This means that the son does not care about her mother in the fact that she is not able to do some of the things that she used to do to him when she was taking care of him as a child. Instead of helping her, he continuously beat her without any reason. This kind of neglect is the one that is making the elderly woman not to be able in protecting herself or even going forward and reporting this to the police. This is because the person who was supposed to be protecting her as neglected her and instead he is beating her up. Therefore, in a court of law, her son should be charged with elder abuse neglect because of the kind of treatment he accords to her own mother. To some point of view, it might be direct therefore, a professional person should be appointed to evaluate this form of elder abuse. Additionally, her son should be charged with physical elder abuse. This form of abuse is very direct because the evidence, which has been brought forward, is very direct. Lastly, the son can be charged committing assault on his mother. This is where he beats her mother intentionally. This elder abuse usually contains some effects, which affects the victims. In this case, the elderly woman is the victim of the case, she is very much affected by the situation to appoint where, and when she is telling the story, she burst into tears. This elderly woman has undergone serious emotional stress where she leaves in fear in her on home. Additionally, the woman is in shock because she cannot believe that her own son who she has brought up into a grown young man can beat her up without even having any feelings for her (LeDuff, 1997). Lastly, the old woman is very much affected because the people who are supposed to be protecting her and taking care of her have neglected her. Therefore, the old woman will continue to stay in constant fear not unless she gets medical help. References Elder abuse foundation, (April 20, 2011). Forms of Elder Abuse. Elder Abuse Foundation. Retrieved from: http://www.elder-abuse-foundation.com/html/forms.html Emedicinehealth, (April 20, 2011). Child Abuse. WebMD Inc. Retrieved from: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/child_abuse/article_em.htm LeDuff, C., (August 24, 1997). Facing Up to Elder Abuse. The New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/24/nyregion/facing-up-to-elder-abuse.html?src=pm Robbins, L. (April 6, 2011). Morning the short life of a beaten toddler. The New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/07/nyregion/07funeral.html?_r=1ref=childabuseandneglect
Monday, March 9, 2020
Aids Essays - HIVAIDS, RTT, Poliomyelitis, Vaccines, Lentiviruses
Aids Essays - HIVAIDS, RTT, Poliomyelitis, Vaccines, Lentiviruses Aids Scientists have concluded, based on mathematical research, that the virus that lead to the epidemic of AIDS can be traced all the way back to 1930, somewhere around Central Africa. Bette Korber, of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, presented this conclusion at the Conference of Retroviruses. The notion that HIV was introduced in contaminated oral polio vaccines in Africa between the years of 1957 and 1961 has been often debated and challenged. The results presented by Korber, not only refute the before mentioned allegations, but also move us toward finding out where the virus really came from and in which direction it is heading in the future. The first sample discovered in 1959 comes from a man in Congo, who died as a member of the M class of HIV, the type that most people are infected with today. However old the virus was, it was evident that it wasnt the first of its kind. The reason that the virus was ever connected to polio is because in the same year of 1959, the introduction of oral polio vaccines, supposedly tested on chimpanzees, came to the continent of Africa. However in reality, states Stanley Plotkin of the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, the introduction of HIV in chimpanzees occurred well before the polio vaccine. The machine used in the process of determination is the Los Alamos Nirvana Machine, which is capable of making one trillion calculations per second. After plugging in dates, formulas and locations, the Nirvana located the origin of the HIV virus as being 1930, however the range of error shows that it could have been anywhere from 1915 to 1942. The Nirvana was also able to determine that the virus appeared in the Caribbean Islands such as Haiti, in the 1960s, while it came to America more than ten years later. It is quite definite that the virus came from chimpanzees in the area around Gabon, Cameroon, and the Central African rainforest. It most probably passed onto the hunters while they were butchering the animals. After that, the virus has taken on six different strands, and is spread in humans mostly through sexual intercourse. Issue The matter being discussed here is the AIDS epidemic. AIDS and the HIV virus are very real issues in the world and especially in America. Whether it is the needle of the syringe of a junkie, a blood transfusion or the exchange of bodily fluids, people are getting infected and dying every day with this disease, and there is no remedy. Each day thousands of researchers scientists and mathematicians try to go further, so that they might bring the world closer to a cure. A lot of progress has been made, and as a result people are living ten, fifteen, and even twenty years with AIDS. This article demonstrates to us that developments are still being made, and we are slowly but surely approaching a revolutionary discovery. Opinion It is very refreshing for me to read articles of this kind. I see people dying of AIDS and it scares me to think that, if I am not overly cautious, it could be me as well. The fact that we are making progress such as this, where we now know that HIV really originated thirty years before we presumed, is leading us to understand more about this epidemic. The more we understand about where it came from, the better our chances of understanding what caused it, and how to cure it. I realize that the discovery of a vaccine is still far off, and there is a chance that there will never be a complete cure. However, with each new scientific discovery, I have a renewed hope in our civilizations survival of the plague we commonly call AIDS.
Friday, February 21, 2020
The Legal and Law Issues in Network Security USA Research Paper
The Legal and Law Issues in Network Security USA - Research Paper Example For any unguarded computer, people might just slip onto the network and retrieve all those information which is not protected. This makes one think about placing a password protection or have a right way of storing things to keep their information safe helps to be safe in the computer world. Sometimes people might ignore thinking their data to be of least importance. But these data can be of high value to those who try to access it and hence it is important to have a way to secure any form of data that is available and saved in the computer. The network security does not mean to lock the computer from accessing internet but it is about the information that is stored in the computer which has to be protected to use it by oneself. The below provided information will help one to know about the need and the issue that has risen regarding the network security. à Computer and Networks Computer network are distributed networks of computer that are either strongly or loosely connected whi ch simply means that these computers share a lot of resources from a central computer or only those resources that can make the network work. Usually the security was limited to personal computers before as the problem of virus or other unwanted things were only to that computer used by a specific user. But today, the prospective has changed a lot ass the user can now find the security not only for a single computer but for the whole network. The security is not limited but is expanded to all those computers which come under a network. This is very important to know as it includes all the resources and data that are stored and transit. The work in the computer can be done with or... This report approves that it is important to make sure to use the facility available to overcome such situation. With strict legal system, laws and legislation, people can get the justice they are looking for in a right way. Not all the time the threat is from outsiders, so it is important to monitor people in the office from time to time so that one can be safe from inside as well. The federal legislation for information technology has evolves over past 20 years and people are happy with the justice they are getting till date. This essay makes a conclusion that there are many companies outside USA but working for USA. They might not work in a proper manner when these things happen. This affects the revenue of that country. The national legislation might help within the boundary and this will be left to the company to deal with such situation when they are beyond the boundary. This makes one know every legal aspect of every country which can help them with the network security. Having the best network security is very important and the need to act instantly incase such situation occur might help one in many ways. The company should beware of the ex-employees and what they can do once they are taken out of the job. The authentication they have should be immediately and properly terminated so that they wonââ¬â¢t cause any problem later. The company should also know about the current employees and how they might change in case the ex-employee wants them to help him.
Wednesday, February 5, 2020
Reflection of how I have put principle of nursing - principle E Essay
Reflection of how I have put principle of nursing - principle E effective communication into practice in the placement - Essay Example When I began to inculcate Principle E in my practice, the strongest motivator to do so was poor patient outcomes. Communication difficulties affect patient outcomes (Casey & Wallis 2011, p. 35). So, when things started going wrong, I used Principle E to control situation. The most important concern for me when I started to use Principle E was related to lack of confidence among nurses. I noticed that my fellow nurses lacked basic skills of communication which restricted them from confidently reporting patient information to doctors. Because there was no confidence in their reporting, there was also the problem of poor documentation. Reporting and documentation should be both perfectly clear to improve patient outcomes because they directly affect patient health (Bell & Jones 2007, p. 487). I realized that communication difficulties were at the root of both problems. This practical experience helped me in getting acquainted with the efficacy of Principle E. Patients report dissatisfaction with the way they are provided care when errors are not reported by nurses. Fear inhibits reporting (Barnsteiner 2011). I noticed that without proper implementation of Principle E, patient privacy also becomes a big concern. This is because I came across breaches in patient confidentiality sometimes, but tracking them down revealed to me that they never got reported. This was due to unprofessional execution of duties. I used Principle E to solve this problem because it stresses that patient information should be handled very sensitively and discreetly (Casey & Wallis 2011, p. 36). It is the subtle deficiencies in the way we communicate which go on to present the biggest challenges to nurses. There are confusions and misunderstandings. I dealt with them by practicing Principle E in accordance with NMC standards. For example, one NMC standard promotes that a nurse should become an advocate for people in his/her care and should hasten to
Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Frank Lloyd Wrights Architecture Style: A History
Frank Lloyd Wrights Architecture Style: A History How organic is Frank Lloyd Wrightââ¬â¢s Architecture? Although Frank Lloyd Wright would be considered a practitioner that embraced much of what came to be known as modernism and the international style, itself a spare and functional movement, most of his work contains elements of the organic[1], tantalisingly original and un-definable which softens the edges and adds richness to what would be considered pure form and clean edge. This is in addition to a reasonably early self-declared ââ¬Ëorganic architectureââ¬â¢, the general principles of which he followed for the rest of his professional life. Lind notes that (for instance) the Prairie Style buildings are epitomes of Wrights ââ¬Ëorganicââ¬â¢ declarations of fundamental principles, which were practised between the years from 1900 to the beginning of World War One. She reiterates that his definitions changed through his life, commenting that a definition of organic architecture that he gave in 1952 was more appropriate to the Usonian houses than the earlier Prairie Style one s. She does also state that his fundamental principles were interpreted in a variety of ways, but that he never deviated from them. (Lind; 1992: 29-31). Nevertheless, the evolutionary journey that Frank Lloyd Wright pursued in his design and production of what stand as some of the western worldââ¬â¢s most recognised and notable buildings covers a foray into organic, from both an incorporation of his organic philosophy, from a motif point of view, as well as the deliberate inclusion of both elements of the environment such as stone and timber, to the manipulation of environment and building to create an organic mass that is essentially, ultimately building in the international or modernist style. His early work was positioned at a point where the international discourses in architecture were battling between the mass produced and the hand made, reactionary to the production lines of the late nineteenth century Industrial Revolution. Throughout his life, Wright certainly saw himsel f as practising architecture using an organic basis, as he declared in a 1958 television interview: ââ¬ËBut ââ¬Å"organic architectureâ⬠, which is the architecture of nature, the architecture based upon principle and not upon precedent. Precedent is all very well so long as precedent is very well but who knows when it is very bad? Now thatââ¬â¢s something to guard against in architecture- know when to leave your precedent and establish one.ââ¬â¢(Meehan;1984: 83-4). This was a declaration made in the late 1950ââ¬â¢s that today sits in the context of a variety of many other architectural definitions of the philosophy. Indeed, the mere definition of the architectural applications of organic appears problematic[2]. Whether his declared philosophy had meaning in his buildings, and how his definition of ââ¬Ëorganicââ¬â¢ relates to the buildings he completed is the comparative exercise. In approaching this, how this central philosophy, developed over the years, affected his approach to the buildings that he created, forms the core of my discussion when I consider s pecific examples. In addition, one cannot look at a central theme such as the quality of the organic in his architecture, without being able to appreciate the context in terms of materials available, the influence of the Boston Orientalists[3], Japanese arts and architecture, and his attitude towards nature and its incorporation on a number of levels. The philosophy This stance that Wright held, where architectural precedent is mostly meaningless, and that the reality of the site determines the particulars of the building to be constructed is mostly articulated in the series of interviews televised in 1958. Here, in a series on a Chicago network, two half hour programmes of ââ¬ËHeritageââ¬â¢ hosted by William MacDonald discussed the ââ¬ËPhilosophy of an architectââ¬â¢ and ââ¬ËOrganic Architectureââ¬â¢.(Meehan; 1984:75) Wright is voluble about the manner in which ââ¬Ëmodernismââ¬â¢ and organic interface. Modern architecture, he declares, began as a striving to break down the box, a form characteristic of the ancient and traditional architectural paradigm. It is documented that originally his ideas regarding the modernist movement were derived from enthusiasm that later waned when he realised that the initial ideas of extension of the box did not necessarily have any greater impact on the environment. (Meehan; 1984: 59) ââ¬ËWhereas the new idea was to eliminate the box and let everything that was in go outward and associate with its environment. So environment and interior and life itself become as one. Glass and steel and architecture became what we call ââ¬Å"modernâ⬠. Isnââ¬â¢t it? So, to get the real idea of the thing weââ¬â¢ve got to use some word like ââ¬Å"organicâ⬠ââ¬âmeans integral, of the thing, now and preceding from the interior of it outward. And, so there is something exterior chosen and used for effect. Therein lies the essential difference between what we call ââ¬Å"organic architectureâ⬠and what is carelessly called, for the lack of a better term, ââ¬Å"modern architectureâ⬠. (Meehan; 1984:90) With regard to his production of buildings where glass predominated, the material was regarded as a manner of connecting with the landscape, rather than a barrier or symbol of an ugly modernity. Elements that define contemporary architectures purporting to be modernist, such as simplicity were still very much part of Wrightââ¬â¢s ideal, with the paring down of the complicated to provide surfaces that had a life of their own and could be embellished or otherwise. He saw that an intrinsic connection with material and landscape was fundamental to the production of specific buildings and part of the responsibility of the architect. Giedion sees his work is being the sole definer of his philosophy, and that words cannot begin to express where he came from or what his intentions were (Giedion; 1959: 412) His comment to MacDonald, the interviewer on this occasion, regarding site was ââ¬ËWell, it would seem from this that with this ââ¬Å"organicâ⬠(architecture) choice of site would not only be extremely important but would, in part, in part at least, determine the form or forms of the building.ââ¬â¢ (Ibid; 90). Indeed, the value of the site was deemed so important that not only did clients require his input, but also the contribution of the building to the natural landscape would be such that were the building to disappear, the landscape would be poorer for it. (Ibid: 91) Throughout his life, Wrights attitude towards his ââ¬Ëorganicâ â¬â¢ architecture was to evolve and mature, thus one finds definitions, which he was fond of publicly declaring, often slightly contradictory. The Japanese influence The organic nature of the Japanese architectural form, siting and decoration was, contentiously, an integral part of the shaping of Wrights ideas and designs. Tallmadge, (in Nute; 2000: 3)[4] commented in 1927 that Wright had derived ââ¬Ëthat intimate liaison between art and nature which makes his work sink into and be lost in the embrace of rock and shrub and tree.ââ¬â¢ This was supported by Behrendt who declares the connection between the Japanese houses that are ââ¬Ëfitted into the landscape that the building almost imperceptibly blends with nature, the same tendency towards an organic structureââ¬â¢ (Ibid; 4) Early on in his long career, connections with the Japanese culture were made, and these possibly had one of the most enduring philosophical contributions to his outlook. Initially, the prevalent culture of ââ¬ËJaponaiserieââ¬â¢[5] that developed out of the Exposition of 1851, and supported by the Arts and Crafts and Ruskin in Europe, trickled through to America[6]. Manson sees initial introduction to the Japanese being at the point of preparations for the Chicago Fair of 1893, where Wright was busy with the Transportation Building for Adler and Sullivan. Part of the exposition, a Japanese Imperial Government display of a Fujiwara Period Temple and its associated decoration and furnishings, ââ¬Ëconstituted the first wholesale introduction to the Middle West of Japanese Art and architecture. For Wright, the Japanese exhibit was the confirmation of a dawning curiosity.ââ¬â¢ (Manson; 1984: 34) Lind describes this building as ââ¬ËKnown as the Ho-Ho-Den, its fluid spaces wer e covered by a broad, sheltering roof with generous overhanging eaves. Light poured in from all sides. The walls moved. Opening up spaces, releasing the box.ââ¬â¢ (Lind; 1992: 27) Manson goes on further to note that ââ¬ËIt must be conceded that there is an affinity between Wrightââ¬â¢s concept of architecture, as it was to develop, and the art of old Japan. Whether this affinity amounts to actual indebtedness is a moot point and one which Wright has always hotly debated.ââ¬â¢ (Manson; 1984: 35) [7] ââ¬ËWhilst working on the Unity Temple (1905) in Oak Park, Illinois, connections with the Japanese Ambassador resulted in his being sent ââ¬ËThe Book of Teaââ¬â¢ by Lao-Tse, which articulated concepts that he had been considering for a while, particularly on this project. The principle of his statement derived from Lao-Tseââ¬â¢s ââ¬Ëthe reality of a building is neither the walls nor the roof but the space withinââ¬â¢ assisted him in defining the planning of the Unity Temple in such a manner that this could be achieved. Frustrations where he suggested that this relationship between the interiors and the life that was led in them had not existed for the last five centuries was partly solved. (Meehan; 1984: 77). Further connections were established when a decade later he visited Japan on commission to build what was to become the Imperial Hotel, (Tokyo) constructed by the Mikado for his visitors. This had the secret ingredient of steel that could be used in tensile sit uations, and responding to the high earthquake environment, became lauded as it stood throughout the great earthquake in 1923. (Meehan; 1984: 15) The incorporation of the organic The impact of Owen Jonesââ¬â¢ book, a seminal Victorian work in the collection and typical compartmentalisation of exotic detail, ââ¬ËThe Grammar of Ornamentââ¬â¢ [8]is seen by Manson to have possibly been an early influence, as whilst he was working with Silsbee, he is known to have made a hundred tracings of ornament from Jonesââ¬â¢ book. (Manson; 1984: 21). However, gaining inspiration from the direct forces of nature as an influence in his work was instilled at an early stage, whilst still working for Sullivan. His need to have a direct involvement with the tactile and textural natural environment is mentioned by his son in the following passage; ââ¬ËOne Sunday morning he had on the table beside him a group of shells, conchs, turbans, clams, pectens, cowries, murexes and volutes. He pointed to the shells and told us to observe how this one germ of an idea for housing a creature in the ocean could take so many shapes. He noted the intricate fluting and sculptured patterns on different shells, the wide range of colours and designs, and how no two shells of even the same substance were identical.ââ¬â¢ (Eric Lloyd Wright in Dunham; 1994) This analogy was continued by Wright into the discussion of an oak tree and its manifest units. ââ¬ËNature will show you the way to build.ââ¬â¢ (Dunham; 1994: 8-9) Dunham notes himself that ââ¬ËNature played a major role in the designs of Wrightââ¬â¢s buildings: the nature of the client, the society, the geographical location, the materials and the ability of the workmen.ââ¬â¢ (Ibid: 16). McCarter reinforces this need for experimentation with form and material by saying that ââ¬ËHe would stop work each day in the studio, sending his draughtsmen out into the nearby fields to collect wildflowers, which he would then arrange..ââ¬â¢ (McCarter; 1997:66). Ikebana, the Japanese art of flower arranging was usually the result and was situated for comment or criticism in his studio. His continual flirtation with the elements of Japanese architecture, in definition much connected with the landscape, natural materials and a spiritual philosophy again reinforces this incorporation of the organic elements of nature. Materials A short discussion of materials is important at this point as not only were the indigenous materials of a region intrinsic to the aesthetics and feeling of a building, but the possibility of new material stretched boundaries which made much of his work possible, and further enabled the possibilities of the organic materials that were used. Importantly, as in the Imperial Hotel (Tokyo, 1905), the use of structural steel that had strength in tension meant that the structure could be reinforced, and yet match the landscape that it inhabited. Another example is the development of pre-cast concrete products, which made elaboration and decoration of internal and external surfaces more possible, thus intensifying the levels of detail and organic expression of, particularly, his houses built in the 1920ââ¬â¢s. (Fleming et al; 1980:351) Also, the raking organic form of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (New York, 1960) could not have easily been achieved without the use of modern materials in particular, structural steel and concrete. (Ibid: 352) More importantly, it was Wrightââ¬â¢s attitude towards the material that was to prove so important in his philosophy. His insistence that the tactile qualities of the material have to be ascertained through handling and use is often quoted. ââ¬Ë..a man canââ¬â¢t do much in architecture unless he gets his hands into the mud of which the bricks are made.ââ¬â¢ (Meehan; 1984: 105) But, the intrinsic life of the materials is what makes them and determines their positioning in the building and the landscape. ââ¬ËWe are learning now that materials themselves all live- that stone has character, that brick has character, wood character; that they all have characteristics that may become alive in the hands of the imaginative artist through sympathetic interpretation in design,ââ¬â¢ (Wright in Meehan; 1984: 60) The early years Manson suggests that much of what happened in Frank Lloyd Wrightââ¬â¢s early life and the upbringing that he had influenced the singularly independent character that he became both as a person, and as an architect. (Manson;1984:1-2) A strongly defined Welsh ancestry, together with a father that initially was forceful and ââ¬ËWith a certain ferocity he had taught young Frank, by the age of seven, to play Bach upon the piano.ââ¬â¢ (Ibid; 2) His father later deserted the family, leaving his mother, a ââ¬Ëvery integrated and resolute person whose character is intimately bound up with the development of her sonââ¬â¢ (Ibid: 3) in care of Frank and his siblings. His early professional years are seen as being up until 1910 (Manson; 1984) just after he left to work in Germany for a short period in what Larkin called his ââ¬ËExodus and New Eraââ¬â¢(Larkin; 1993: 105). These included an initial apprenticeship under Silsbee, then a significant and influential period with Louis Sullivan, who was to guide his early ideas to a large degree. Frank Lloyd Wrightââ¬â¢s association with Sullivan from 1888[9] situated him in an office environment that fed much off the contemporary architectural environment, and in the words of Wright, were considered radical and ââ¬Ëthe only ââ¬Ëmodernsââ¬â¢ of the time.ââ¬â¢ (Meehan; 1984 :12) Sullivan took the idea of the high rise building to unprecedented limits and could only have encouraged the idea as to the limitlessness of boundaries in his student. Not only was he responsible for this physical and material influence, as Sullivan was emphatic about the connections between mankind and the cosmos, and the need for a building to be intimately connected with its natural environment. (Menocal; 1981: 3) Frank Lloyd Wrights home and studio (Oak Park, Illinois, 1899-1909) can be considered the epitome of this early period[10], Wright moved his office into his home in Oak Park in 1897 and was to be his operating base until 1909. This house was purpose built for him and his family, and itself existed as an organic structure, being continually altered and added to throughout the course of the family living in it. A geometric basis provided the form of the building, which, contrary to his later work, was roofed with a steep pitch. McCarter asserts that much of the interior spaces are reminiscent of the Japanese approach and that its is highly probable that the influence was available at this period through publications and that Wright used the constant remodelling of his house as a basis for experimentation of idea which would be later implemented or not, if that was the case. The important elements of this building are the use of light and space, and the use of materials such as brick an d dark timber shingles. The house as a space for experimentation during the development of his ideas and philosophies is notable, and its own organic nature and evolution can be considered a justifiable example of the level of abstractness to which the term ââ¬Ëorganicââ¬â¢ can be interpreted. The Prairie House (1899 1910) The Prairie house, a basically cruciform or windmill plan shape, was initially seen as being a building that was specifically appropriate for the ââ¬ËAmerican suburban home, a type of house characterised by a degree of both spatial freedom and formal order previously unknown in either the Old or New World.ââ¬â¢ (McCarter; 1997:43) The connection with the early American house has reference in the centralised position of the hearth or fireplace, whether it forms the junction of the cross or the centre of the pinwheel/ windmill. This was recognised by Wright as being able to access natural light from three sources (Giedeon; 1959:399) The initial publicity for the Prairie house as a style came in the form of publication not in an architectural magazine, but in the Ladies Home Journal in 1901. His recognition that the design needed to appeal directly to the functional user was paramount in its success as a plan and suburban housing type. The contact between landscape and building is epitomised in the quotation from Mumford, who writes that ââ¬ËMr Wrightââ¬â¢s designs are the very products of the prairie, in their low-lying, horizontal lines, in their flat roofs, while at the same time they defy the neutral gray or black or red of the engineering structures by their colour and ornament.ââ¬â¢ (Mumford; 1955:182). Frank Lloyd Wright, as a son of the prairies, was driven by his response to the landscapes, the long low and flat and the simplicity of the space. This reduced the rooflines, where the building was seen ââ¬Ëprimarily not as a cave but as broad shelter in the open, related to vista; vista without and vista within.ââ¬â¢ (Wright in Larkin;1993: 36) his destruction of the box meant that rooms were interlinked and flows between then were largely uninterrupted. In the Dana-Thomas House, (Springfield, Illinois; 1902) the directly organic is particularly evident in this house, where not only is a rich and abstracted display of the sumac plant embossing glazed plaster panels that cover the house, (Lind; 1992:27) but the interior displays include butterflies, ferns, leaves and stalks.(Larkin; 1993: 46) the flows between the majestic spaces are largely uninterrupted, both horizontally and vertically- it was the first of Wrightââ¬â¢s buildings to have a double volume living room, yet the massiveness of this structure is broken down by the manipulation of the external walls. The treatment of surface also owed much to the impostion of an organic ideal, where walls were scumbled to create a dappled effect, the timberwork was rich and prolific, and in this case, the surfaces were embossed with ornament. The decorative influence is from the outside prairie environment; Scrub bush , cacti, and the yellow coloured stone (Knight; 2001:42). In addition , it is important to note that the Dana house has elements of the Japanese influence in its upturned eaves, reminiscent of pagoda type temples (McCarter; 1997: 47) The Robie House (Chicago, 1908) is considered by Lind to be an excellent example of Wrightââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËOrganicââ¬â¢ architecture ideal, (Lind; 1992: 28) This is largely in its response to the environment is perfected to the extent that the cantilevered overhangs are placed to restrict light in summer and to maximise sunlight in the colder months. (Knight; 2001:74) but also in its manipulation of material with glass and steel and concrete, creating the soaring cantilevered overhangs and at the same time bands of floating light, contracting with the warmth of the brickwork that characterises most of the exterior of the house. His use of material here is notable- the bricks used were long and thin, and the pointing used to create effect. The perpends were pointed in a brick coloured mortar that was flush pointed, whereas the horizontal coursing was expressed by deeply raked pointing in a white mortar bed (McCarter; 1997: 95) Flowing spaces abound, but, at the same time, elements are used to separate function such as the fireplace between the living and the dining room. The unexpected placing of the walls and the fragmentation of expected mass, together with the long low walls and punched out openings brought about much debate at the time of its construction (Giedion; 1959: 408). Yet again, material, space and environment combine to create a building disregarding its precedent and standing alone in its own landscape. The Usonian Period (1932 1942) This period, a term coined by Wright from the author Samuel Butler[11], embraces the notions that define America as a country, such as unity, freedom, and unity of all. (Meehan: 1984: 96-7) The term eventually gained connotations of freedom and unity, particularly in the means of uniting the inside and outside spaces in buildings; integrations of interior and exterior landscapes. The changed architectural environment that existed as a result of many different socio- economic factors meant that the approach towards planning, forms and materials had to reflect the new order. In addition, pressure on the cities as suburbs rapidly spread as a result of the ever more affordable motor car meant that a total rethink in social housing became applicable, thus projects such as Broadacre City (1934), a proposed series of isolated tower blocks connected by roads where the Organic principle brought the functioning elements of the city into a defined space in a country setting. One of the most enigmatic of the houses from this period is Falling Water, the Edgar Kaufmann House, (Mill Run, Pennsylvania) built in 1935. Not only is the building in complete and active harmony with its landscape, but its form incorporates those materials from which is arises, stone, timber, glass. The site especially spoke to Wright, and rather than having the waterfall as something that should be looked at, the situation of the house directly over the waterfall means that it becomes an active part of its site[12]. The form of the house is not monolithic, but moves both vertically and horizontally on the site, creating its own set of ledges and alcoves. The vertical planes of stone and glass and the horizontal planes of concrete create juxtaposition as well as a dynamic that is in keeping with the continuity of the stream below it. Open planes that lead straight out into the environment Larkin sees as a participative exercise; one cannot appreciate directly the cascades below the house unless one moves out onto the horizontal and planar terraces to explore further. Also, he notes of the synergy between the horizontal and planar surfaces, reflecting the huge slabs of rock that lay in the river below, that ââ¬Ë Although this is pure conjecture, it was not unlike Wright to read quickly the conditions of a building site and to let its most salient features, even accidental ones, inspire his design.ââ¬â¢ (Larkin; 1993: 155) Rock from the landscape was directly incorporated, down to the hearthstone that was previously a bathing rock for the Kaufmann family. The manner in which the fieldstone was laid was carefully detailed, and a variation introducing a softer edge in the rounding of the parapet walls acted as the progenitor to other buildings, both domestic and industrial in the future (Ibid: 157) Wrights embracing of the new materials of steel and concrete, much loved by the Modernists in their boxlike applications, had an early application in the cantile vered slabs that are described as ââ¬Ënothing short of daringââ¬â¢ (Ibid: 161). However daring the structural applications of this house, its setting and synergy with its landscape are the elements that endure, creating an organic mass which would leave the landscape poorer were it to be removed. More problematic displays of the organic in buildings are naturally going to be found in the industrial and public applications. An industrial building from this period that highlights the Usonian notion as well as a need to incorporate the outside without diminishing the practicality of the box is the S.C Johnson and Sons Administration building (Racine, Wisconsin; 1936) . First impressions of the interior are of ââ¬Ëmushroom-shaped dendriform columnsââ¬â¢ floating in a sea of light. (Larkin; 1993:179) Like Falling Water, it pushed the boundaries of materials, in this case, cold drawn steel mesh columns that were designed in an unusual manner and continually given organic metaphorical comparisons, and extruded glass. Wright commented on the socio- architectural applications of this building by saying that ââ¬ËOrganic architecture designed this building to be as inspiring a place to work in as any cathedral ever was in which to worship.ââ¬â¢ (Larkin; 1993: 181) A later, a nd more immediately recognisable laboratory extension to the factory had as its design rationale a central core with the various levels cantilevering from a central core, embedding the notions of space and boundless freedom in line with the Usonian tradition. Wright saw this as a successful example of his organic principles in that it responded to the nature of the materials, and its relationship with the landscape and its extension into the landscape between inside and outside using the mechanism of glass. (Meehan; 1984: 86) The later years (1943 1959) This period is important as the buildings here reflect, in many cases, a culmination of his life works, ideals, and approaches. In addition, it marks the period in which his output was most prolific, and the maturity of his ideas could be expressed without fear of lifelong ridicule, although projects such as the Solomon R Guggenheim Museum were not without acerbic criticism and opposition. Taliesin West (Scottsdale, Arizona, 1937-1959) is in many senses a seminal example, as not only was it built over the last decades of his life, but it was a house that he inhabited and a space from which he taught. Frank Lloyd Wright described his approach as being derived from the site- space, colour, texture, which were extant landscape forms. Ogilvanna, his third wife, remarks that the buildings look excavated from rather than constructed on the landscape (Wright; 1970: 104) Local materials[13] were incorporated in a variety of ways, desert rock was combined with cement in a rough off shutter re miniscent of the unplanned landscape. Redwood and canvas provided the bulk of the other materials, harmonising with the colours and the textures of the landscape. Ogilvanna comments on the harmony with landscape, supporting the deconstruction of the box in terms of Wrightââ¬â¢s Organic Philosophy, that ââ¬ËThe sense of space permeates Taliesin West so breathtakingly that the buildings, the desert and mountains become fused, the walls vanish and at times the camp looks like a mirage in the desert appearing and disappearing in a shimmering, ethereal light. (Wright; 1970: 106). Also, the means that Wright demanded for appropriate engagement with the natural environment was emphasised here in the manner in which the students in his programme were made to physically react with the desert, climate and materials. In addition to the means by which the apprentices were trained, they were also a large part of the building force that constructed Taliesin West. (Larkin; 1993: 302). Thus t he levels to which this building reflects any definition of the organic exist strongly in its visual and structural relationship to and with the landscape, the materials that it incorporates in the structure, the means by which its apprentices are drilled in the art of organic construction, the incorporation of water and pools and sound and light and texture. From a non- domestic point of view, it is important to look at a public building in order to see how the elements of the organic were incorporated. Perhaps one of Wrights best known buildings, the highly contentious Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (New York City; 1943-1959), is a good example, as not only is its mere form derived from, perhaps, some of his conch drawings, but the manner in which it opens horizons for the continual display of art works fits in with his approach towards his organic philosophy. Indeed, Larkin notes that this building represents a culmination of all his ideals regarding his ââ¬Ëorganic architectureââ¬â¢ and was the fore-runner in the means in which steel and concrete would be used in the balance of the twentieth century. (Larkin; 1993: 202) It is also testimony to his pushing the boundaries with regards to the innate abilities of the new materials. Wright himself stated that ââ¬ËThe whole building, cast in concrete, is more like an eggshell- in for m a great simplicity- rather than like a criss- cross structure. The light concrete flesh is rendered strong enough everywhere to do its work by embedded filaments of steel either separate or in mesh. The structural calculations are thus those of the cantilever and continuity rather than the post and beam.ââ¬â¢ (Wright; 1970: 167) Descriptions by Wrightââ¬â¢s wife upon the initial visit are permeated with organic references, such as ââ¬Ëmother- of- pearlââ¬â¢ ââ¬Ëa cloud of delicate blue-grey lightââ¬â¢ the ramp being likened to a ââ¬Ëswanââ¬â¢s curved neckââ¬â¢ (Wright; 1970: 164) the spiral culminating in a delicate ribbed oculus window that casts a suffused light below sufficient to view the art works on display. This example as a culmination of his lifeââ¬â¢s work, and one that continued to uphold all his precepts of organic architecture also proves the permeability of the boundary that would appear to exist between the organic architecture of today and the modernist paradigm in which he was often forced to work. Conclusion That the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright cannot exist in an environment devoid of connections with the organic is impossible. Not only did he have a strong idea as to what he considered organic himself, based on a few simple but strong guiding principles, largely where the building is accountable to itself and its site and its integrity is a large part of this combination, but also the incorporation of the directly organic at multiple levels from material to ornamentation displays this. His early tracings of Owens book on ornament, his lifelong flirtation with the elements of Japanese art and architecture, his collection of Japanese prints and woodcuts, all contributed in a manner in the production of such building and landscape related projects as Taliesin West and Falling Water. The relationship between the building and the site, the building and the landscape, the spare yet engaging spaces, the enrichm
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