Essay on Euthanasia in the United States - 1214 Words

Euthanasia in the United States The frail woman lay on her bed, chatting quietly with her grandchild. They had spent the day talking about unicorns, Cinderella, and the olden days. As they conversed, the womans daughter looked on. She nodded to the doctor, and by the end of the evening the joyful spirit of old woman was gone. Euthanasia is a practice that has become more common than realized in the United States. Various states in the Union have tried to legalize euthanasia within the past few years. Those states include Colorado, Florida, Maine, Michigan, New York, Washington, California and Oregon. North Carolina, Utah and Wyoming do not necessarily ban physician-assisted suicide. Euthanasia is criminalized in the remaining states†¦show more content†¦A Right to Life lawyer named Annette Patterson said: Its becoming the abortion issue of the next century and just as nasty. Yet it is even more important because how we die concerns everyone (Johnson 31). There is a strong element of truth in this statemen t. Even though a miniscule percentage of people would ever request assistance in dying, to legalize controlled euthanasia would create a wide doorway for open and uncontrolled physician-assisted suicide (Meier 37). Oregons Death with Dignity law, effective since November 4, 1997, did exactly that (Oregon 41). God wants the sanctity of life to be upheld at every cost, no matter the circumstances surrounding the issue. In our modern world, people only think of themselves and their own selfish desires, not necessarily for the good of anothers life. To love someone is to help that person improve the condition of life, not destroy it because it was a personal choice. In Matthew 24:12, it states that And because iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold (Matthew). America has become as selfish nation that harbors sin, and is therefore looking for a way to eliminate those who need her help the most. The Death with Dignity law is based off Netherlands laws on euthanasia enfo rcement and regulations (Oregon 52). It is now the basis for many stateside proposals, such as Californias, on euthanasia (Johnson 33). It has several requirements, such as a waiting timeShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia in the United States2720 Words   |  11 PagesEuthanasia for the Elderly in the United States Hannah Pate An issue facing much of today’s elderly and terminally ill populations is that of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Several countries, most notably the Netherlands, has legalized euthanasia and physician assisted suicide leading to what is now referred to as â€Å"death tourism†. People from across the world are traveling to place with legalized euthanasia, like the Netherlands, in order to end their lives through assisted suicideRead MoreEuthanasia Is The United States Of America861 Words   |  4 PagesDictionary, euthanasia is ‘the act or practice of killing someone who is very sick or injured in order to prevent any more suffering.’ Understandably, one suffering from a terminal illness such as AIDS, cancer, or Alzheimer’s, may think it best to put an end to their agony as soon as possible. Although it can be argued that there may be good intentions in carrying out this â€Å"mercy killing†, they do not change the fact that euth anasia is murder and should remain illegal in the United States of AmericaRead MoreA Brief Note On Euthanasia And The United States882 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Euthanasia in the U.S. Euthanasia is the act or practice, killing of permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy killing. Far more controversial, active euthanasia involves causing the death of a person through a direct action. In response to a request from the person. Euthanasia itself been around for as long as the history of medicine. This euthanasia is enormous and have long history in the United States. This soRead MoreDeath Of The United States Should Legalize Active Voluntary Euthanasia1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe democracy of the United States should legalize active voluntary euthanasia (AVE), active non-voluntary euthanasia (NVAE), and physician-assisted suicide/death (PAS/PAD), in cases where the patient has a terminal illness, unbearable pain, or are in a vegetative state with no chance of being revived. AVE is defined as â€Å"the intentional and painless ‘mercy driven’ termination of a consenting rational person’s life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  NVAE is conjugately defined as â€Å"the termination of an incompetent individual s existenceRead MoreEuthanasia Should Be Legalized And The United States As A Last Resort For The Terminally Ill1760 Words   |  8 Pagesthem, which is considered Euthanasia. The practice of Euthanasia should be legalized and provided in the United States as a last resort for the terminally-ill. Euthanasia debates originate all the way from the perspectives and condemnation by Christians in the Roman Empire. The word euthanasia comes â€Å"from the Greek words eu, meaning good, and thanatos, meaning death† (McDougall 148). The different types of Euthanasia explain the action taking place such as passive Euthanasia, â€Å"to end a person lifeRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1220 Words   |  5 Pagesincurable patients, it is rarely known that Euthanasia, a termination of one’s life with his/her self-willingness, is a release of permanent pain. On the other hand, it is committed by the doctors. Among Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary Euthanasia, only is Voluntary Euthanasia being universally concerned by human beings. Various fascinating facts, Australia has already approved this act and many people from other countries have also committed Euthanasia. Regarding this topic, people have beenRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?907 Words   |  4 Pagesreference for the ethical standards that medical practitioners follow in the United States. One statement seen in the oath is that â€Å"[a physician] will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel†(â€Å"The Hippocratic Oath†), directly refuting the morality of voluntary active euthanasia, which is a highly contentious issue in the United States. Voluntary active euthanasia is currently illegal in the United States. However, I believe that patients with terminal illnesses experiencingRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized? Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pagesmaintaining existence without regard for its condition is a degradation of the meaning of life, not a promotion of it (Cockeram 33) .† Many adults perceive euthanasia as a murderous act that involves cruel and unusual pain; when in fact, it is usually a method that helps the individual reach their demise in a less miserable manor. Immigrants to the United States are incl ined to become a citizen, not for the beautiful geography, but because the U.S. is one of the few countries that gives everyone freedom establishedRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1039 Words   |  5 Pagesnow, and why is he not offered the option of euthanasia? Because of these reasons: it is illegal in 49 of the states of the United States, except Oregon, since 1828, when the first known anti-euthanasia law was passed in the state of New York. In Oregon, the law states that once a terminally ill adult requests euthanasia, two physicians must agree that the patient is sane and has less than six months to live. Euthanasia is illegal because the United States is based on puritan beliefs that dictate thatRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Painless Killing Of Someone1408 Words   |  6 Pageswithout pain? Euthanasia is the painless killing of someone that is suffering from a disease or something that is incurable. â€Å"The concept of dying with one’s personhood intact is o ften referred to as a â€Å"Socratic death.† In today’s parlance, it is often called â€Å"dying with dignity† (â€Å"Dying with Dignity† 1996; Solovy 1999)† (Patel 38). In Greek, euthanasia literally means a good death. There are also many different versions of euthanasia. The one that is legal in the United States is physician aid

An Analysis of How Fear of the Unknown Affects Characters...

An Analysis of How Fear of the Unknown Affects Characters in Hamlet Hamlets famous To be or not to be soliloquy in Act 3, Scene 1 provides the context for several of the characters actions. It is a soliloquy about fearing the unknown that lies waiting on the other side of the grave (are we punished and/or rewarded according to our actions on earth?) and as Hamlet reasons, Conscience does make cowards of us all (3.1.2). In other words, Hamlet feels that he is unable to act because of the haunting voice of doubt inside him. He doubts that he would find peace in the afterlife should he kill himself. He doubts the events he sees before his very eyes and so cannot exact revenge as the spirit of his father urges him to do. Yet, as Hamlet begins to unravel, other characters expose their doubts as well, revealing how they too are troubled by the unknown. King Claudius reveals his troubled conscience after witnessing the play and wonders what he has done; Hamlets mother tries to block out the reality of the situation she has entered into when Hamlet attacks her with what he knows (not knowing is better than knowing, she feels). This paper will examine the ways in which the unknown affects the actions of the characters in Hamlet and show that at the heart of each character is an unwillingness to confront the unknown (which is oftentimes themselves). Fear of the unknown arises in the very beginning scene of the play with the appearance of the ghost of Hamlets father.Show MoreRelatedInsane Characters In Edgar Allan Poe And The Shining By Stephen King1569 Words   |  7 PagesDrawn to the Unknown Insane characters add a thrilling and exciting twist on stories such as Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe and The Shining by Stephen King. There is something that appeals to people about a character that goes completely crazy and then does some rash things as a result of his or her insanity. The reason that people are attracted to characters that go completely out of their mind is because no one knows how to predict what is going to happen next. Many people find situationsRead MoreSeminar: Literary Theory Applied to H.P. Lovecraft-Notably â€Å"the Beast in the Cave†6821 Words   |  28 PagesBuena VistA university | A Theoretical Analysis of H.P. Lovecraft’s â€Å"Beast in the Cave† | Senior Seminar | | Cory J. Dahlstrom | 7/28/2012 | H.P. Lovecraft has been called â€Å"one of the best, worst authors of our century.† In the following paper, I will explore his earliest work, â€Å"The Beast in the Cave,† a story written when he was around fifteen years old. I will explore its meanings and context through the lenses of reader response, deconstructionism, newRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesmain characters. A form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy. Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning 4. allusion- A reference in one literary work to a character or themeRead MoreWhat Are the Difficulties of Translating Humour from English Into Spanish Using the Subtitled British Comedy Sketch Show Little Britain as a Case Study?12271 Words   |  50 Pagesstudy. For the benefit of the reader, the first part of this dissertation is going to shed led on various theories of humour. Moreover, it will discuss how humour is created in the comedy sketch show Little Britain and by taking a linguistic approach will show thus how humour can be produced. In addition, as subtitles will be used for the analysis of the case study, limitations and constraints will be discussed as the translator cannot merely focus on the linguistic features and possible problemsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce DiversityRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesOrganizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. It combines rigorous theoretical argument with application and consideration of how managment practice is formed and shaped by ideas and concepts. The authors have brought their wealth of experienceRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial CharacteristicsRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pagesa demanding time at best, and I will leave the diagnosis of its ailments and the prescription of its remedies to the insightful chapters that follow. If we step back from this chasm problem, we can see it as an instance of the larger problem of how the marketplace can cope with change in general. For both the customer and the vendor, continually changing products and services challenge their institution’s ability to absorb and make use of the new elements. What can marketing do to buffer these

Nature of Accounts free essay sample

This is easily handled in T-accounts by designating that additions are to be recorded on one side of the vertical line and subtractions on the other. By convention, assets are increased by entries on the left side of the account and are decreased by entries on the right side of the account. Entries to liability and stockholders’ equity accounts are handled in the reverse manner. They are increased by entries on the right side and are decreased by entries on the left side. These rules may be summarized as follows: †¢Assets are increased by entries on the left side. †¢Assets are decreased by entries on the right side. Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity are increased by entries on the right side. †¢Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity are decreased by entries on the left side. All one has to remember is that increases for assets are reported on the left side of the account and are the opposite of increases for liabilities and stockholders’ eq uities, and that decreases for any account are the opposite of increases for that account. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of Accounts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The process of recording transactions consists of determining what accounts are affected, whether they are asset or liability and equity accounts, and whether they are to be increased or decreased. With this information, any transaction can be recorded. †¢Debits and Credits. It is awkward to speak of entries â€Å"to the left side of an account† and entries â€Å"to the right side of an account. † This difficulty can be eliminated by using a specialized terminology. Thus, instead of entries to the left side of an account, the accountant speaks of debits (abbreviated Dr. ); instead of entries to the right side of an account, the accountant speaks of credits (abbreviated Cr. ). These are the primary definitions of debits and credits. One is likely to run into confusion attempting to infer any other meaning for these terms. The most useful definition is that a debit is an entry to the left side of an account. It follows that a credit is an entry to the right side of an account. †¢Keying Transactions. When several transactions are involved, it is convenient to place a number identifying each transaction in the T-account near the dollar amount. This procedure is called keying the transaction. Keying facilitates cross-references and aids in checking the recording process. Transactions should always be keyed. Reference link: http://classof1. com/homework-help/accounting-homework-help

Weirich Casesolutions Essay Example

Weirich Casesolutions Paper Julie now wonders how to disclose this prior period adjustment in its current years Statement of Cash Flows, Case 12 Solution: Problem Identification: How should a company disclose prior period adjustments in its Statements of Cash V-lows? Keywords: prior period adjustments; retained earnings; Statement of Cash Flows. Conclusion: Per ASS 250-10-50-9, Julie should disclose the effect of a prior period adjustment (for a single periods financial statement) as an adjustment in the opening balance in retained earnings-? plus make adequate footnote disclosures of the reasons for and effect of the adjustment. Moreover, per 230-10-50-3, Julie should also disclose information about investing and financing activities that did not result in cash receipts for the current period. Thus, Julie should also disclose the differences in the account balances of the two consecutive balance sheets both in the statement of cash flows and in an appropriate footnote. Case 13: The Heather Companys fiscal year ends on June 30. Its employees (With at least three months Of experience) are entitled to 12 paid sick days annually for each calenderer beginning on January I. An employee not taking his/her earned sick days would receive moment thereon on December 31 of that year. How should Heather record and measure such a liability as Of June 30th? Case 13 Solution: Problem Identification: Should Heather recognize any liability for the above potential contingency, and, if so, how should it measure and record it? Keywords: Contingency; compensated absence; matching concept. We will write a custom essay sample on Weirich Casesolutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Weirich Casesolutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Weirich Casesolutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Conclusion: Per ASS 710-10-25-1 , if : (a) the employees have worked the required time periods to earn the compensated sick pay; (b) these rights are vested; (c) payment of compensation is probable; and (d) the amount can be reasonably estimated, he liability exists, These conclusions follow reasonable and probable criteria to SEAS No. 5, pars. 5 and 22, which also require measuring the past History to employees using these benefits (e. G. , also consider employee turnover). In this above, relatively simple example, an employee who used tour days of vacation would be entitled to eight more-?i. E. , the balance that Heather must accrue, However, if, the employer plan were based upon an accrual concept, it would pro rate the uneaten days for the remainder of yean Case 14: Alex Corporation is planning this year to present comparative income statements but only the rent years balance sheet. James Johnston, president of Alex Corporation requests your advice as to whether comparative cash flow statements for both the current and prior periods are necessary considering only the current years balance sheet is presented. Are there any authoritative pronouncements that address this issue that you could present to Mr.. Johnston? Case 14 Solution: Problem Identification: The issue is whether comparative cash flow statements are necessary when comparative income statements are presented, but only a single year balance sheet is also presented. Key Words: imperative statements, cash flow statements Conclusion: ASS 230-1 C. 1 5-3 states that a business enterprise that reports both financial position and results of operations shall also provide a statement of cash flows for each period for which results of operations are provided. Therefore, comparative cash flow statements need also be presented, Case 15: A new client for your firm is Sam Jones who is preparing personal financial statements for a bank loan, Mr.. Jones is attempting to list his social security benefits to be received based on his future elite expectancy as an asset on his financial statements, Mr.. Jones states that such benefits meet the definition of an asset. Would you agree to allow the social security benefits to be listed as an asset? Case IS; Solution Problem identification: The issue is feather social security benefits to be received based on ones future life expectancy should be considered an asset on personal financial statements. Key Words: assets, personal financial statements Conclusion: ASS 274-10-35-11 states that unforgettable rights to receive future sums must meet certain criteria to qualify as an asset One criteria states that the rights must not be contingent on the individuals life expectancy or the currency of a particular event, such as disability or death. Since social security benefits are contingent on ones life expectancy, such benefits do not qualify to be listed as assets on ones personal financial statements. Case 16: Albright Inc. Has recently issued a stock dividend to its existing stockholders. As a result of the issuance of the stock dividend the market price of the stock declined 25%. Albright has requested your assistance as to treating this stock dividend as a stock split. Would this be acceptable under GAP? Case 16: Solution Problem identification: The issue for this case is whether a 10% stock dividend hat reduces the market price of the stock can be accounted for as a stock split. Key Words: Stock dividends, stock splits Conclusion: ASS 505-20-25-1 through 25-3 state that to treat the 10% stock dividend as a stock split, Albright would need to demonstrate that the additional shares issued is large enough to materially influence the unit market price of the stock. Case 17: Horizons Inc. Has agreed to sell an investment in a subsidiary that has been accounted for on the equity method of accounting to a minority stockholder in exchange for the stockholders share in Horizons. Since the fair alee of the investment exceeds its book value, Horizons CEO is considering recognizing a gain on the exchange. However, the new SCOFF at Horizons is recommending to the board of directors that the excess from the exchange be accounted as a credit to equity. Horizons turns to you for advice! Case 17: Solution Problem identification: The problem under review in this case is whether a gain on a monetary exchange can be recorded. Key Words: Monetary exchange, monetary asset, or nonreciprocal transfer Conclusion: ASS 845-10-30-1 States that a transfer Of a monetary asset is a nonreciprocal ranges and should be recorded at the fair value of the asset transferred, and that a gain or loss should be recognized on the disposition Of the asset. ADVANCED ACCOUNTING ; cases Case 1: Rosier Corporation has 70% of the outstanding voting stock of Smith Corporation and of the voting stock of Tommy Corporation. Smith also just spent $10,000 to acquire 20% of Tommys voting stock. Smith has issued irrevocable letters of credit to guarantee Totems notes payable. In the current year, Tommy lost $100,000, How should the parties report the above arrangements in its consolidated financial statements? Case 1 Solution: robber Identification: How should guarantees among related (but not fully owned) parties be disclosed in both their consolidated and separate financial statements? Keywords: Control; consolidated financial statements; related part/ transactions: gain and loss contingencies. Conclusion: First, Smiths share of Tommys net losses (20% of $100,000 520,000) exceeds its cost basis of Tommy ($10,000). Per 430-30-25-1, entities should normally not recognize gain contingencies. Thus, the guarantee should not be recognized in Rookies or Totems financial statements-?other than through disclosures in the footnotes. Similarly, per 810-10-45-7, in the unusual case in which losses applicable to the minority interest in a subsidiary exceed the minority interest in the equity capital, such excess should be charged against the majority interest. Per ASS 810-10-45-21, losses excess, and any further losses, shall be attributed to those interests even if that attribution results in a deficit noncontributing interest balance. Case 2: Joe Brock owns 10,000 of the 60,000 outstanding shares of Big Corporation; Leslie Ross own 20,000 shares; Mark Jones and his twin brother Sam each own 5. 000 shares; and about 300 other shareholders own the remaining 0,000 shares-?with no one other shareholder owning more than 1,000 shares. According to the provisions of SEAS 94, since Leslie owns half of the outstanding shares, he, in general, controls Big Corporation and, thus, should consolidate his interest with that of the corporation, However, Joe Brock is unhappy with Marks management decisions and plans to challenge his authority. What factors arise in considering if a minority investor can maintain such control or even prevent others from exercising such control? Case 2 Solution: problem Identification: Can corporate control rest with others besides the sorority owner? What factors should we examine to make such a determination? Should we separately analyze situations where the minority shareholder seeks actual control, or (merely) wishes to Veto another party (e. G. , majority shareholder) from exercising this control? Key. fords: Consolidated financial statements; consolidation (of majority owned subsidiaries); contingencies; related parties; accounting changes. Conclusion: Per ASS 810-10-25-1 through 25-14, deciding if a minority shareholder can overcome the presumption that the majority shareholder maintains this control depends on many facts and judgments. First, can the minority shareholder participate, veto, or cause certain operating ordinary operating (e. G. , Which bank to hold corporate assets) (i. E. , which it calls protective rights) and long-term (e. G. , who sets top managements salary and Which tender Offer to acquire the company to accept) (i. E. , Which it calls participating rights) management decisions to occur. Other factors include restating prior years financial statements if control passes to the minority shareholder; and does the minority shareholder control technology or customers of crucial interest to the company. Case 3: The Treasury Department of Drop Motors invests excess funds daily (e. G. , in foreign currencies). It, thus, earns profits and losses, which are included in the companys consolidated financial statements. Should Drop consider its Treasury operations as a (distinct) segment in preparing its external financial statements? Case 3 Solution: problem Identification: Should corporate divisions that generate revenues and expenses qualify as an operating segment tort financial statement purposes? Keywords: Segment; operating division. Conclusion: Per ASS 280-10-50-1 all operating segments can be reported parallel if they meet the guidelines: it generates revenues and expenses that a corporate decision-maker reviews, and has discrete financial information available. However, management should also believe that such additional information can contribute to outside readers and users better understanding the enterprises operations. Case 4: The Built-well Construction Company is building a hospital for a third party. As such it borrows substantial funds from a foreign bank and repays the required interest costs as scheduled. Bulletin also incurs some foreign currency truncation gains and losses on these transactions. Bulletin properly amortizes the interest costs over the life Of the construction project, but would now also like to amortize the associated foreign currency transaction gains and losses as well. Can Bulletin amortize such costs? Case 4 Problem Identification: Should a construction company amortize or expense the gains and losses of foreign currency transaction gains and losses expended while a building was under construction? Keywords: Foreign currency translation; capitalization (of interest costs). Conclusion: Although Bulletin apparently correctly amortized interest costs during construction-?per the provisions of ASS 35, it cannot amortize such foreign currency transaction gains and losses. Per ASS 830-20-35-1, increases or decreases in expected functional currency cash flows become foreign currency transaction gains or losses, i. E. , period costs. Case 5: Tony Computer Services Corporation trades 50% of its common stock for the rights to certain computer programs of the Janet Corporation. Janet previously expensed such costs of developing these computer programs. Tony concurrently sold the other interest in its stock to the Jennet Company for Tony later acquired another the rights to the udder Computer Companys computer programs in exchange for stock valued at $1 Tony, thus, debited Investments in Subsidiaries and credited Earnings for $1. 5 million to reflect this latest transaction. How should Tonys consolidated financial statement reflect the value of the expensed computer programs? Case 5 Problem Identification: Should Tony recognize the value of the acquired computer programs, or should these results be consolidated, i. E. , eliminated?

Essay on Bill of Rights and Federalism

Essay on Bill of Rights and Federalism Essay on Bill of Rights and Federalism The Second Amendment reads: â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† These words have generated considerable controversy as part of the broader debate over gun control. Proponents of stricter controls generally contend that the amendment was meant to protect the collective right of states to maintain militia units. Their opponents respond that the amendment was intended to protect an individual right, noting that in the eighteenth century the militia was composed of the entire free white male population, who were expected to muster bearing their own arms. This lively debate notwithstanding, the Supreme Court has only considered Second Amendment claims in a handful of cases. One reason is that for much of American history there were few regulations concerning firearms ownership. The settlers of colonial America were heirs to the English tradition of distrust of standing armies and professional police forces as dangerous to individual liberty. The English tradition of relying on the armed yeomanry both to enforce laws and protect the realm from external enemies was reinforced in the colonial era. The need to defend settlements against Native Americans and the armies of other European powers led to the deputization of the entire white population. Colonial statutes required all white men, with few exceptions, to both keep arms and bear them in militia formations. The

Geographical Abbreviation

Geographical Abbreviation Geographical Abbreviation Geographical Abbreviation By Mark Nichol This post outlines the use of abbreviation to refer to geographical locations and other references to location. Note that in general, such references should be spelled out; abbreviation is usually reserved for when space is limited. Some publications still use traditional abbreviations for states, such as Calif. and N.Y., but the trend is toward using postal symbols such as CA for abbreviation when necessary, as in bibliographies, lists, tables, and mailing addresses. When the older abbreviations are used, inclusion of periods for initials (as in N.Y.) is advised for consistency, but overall, the abbreviation style is not recommended. (However, when US is used as an adjective, no periods are necessary; the abbreviation should not be used at all as a noun.) Whether a state or country name following a city name is abbreviated or spelled out, the state or country name should be punctuated before and after with commas: â€Å"San Diego, CA, is the second-largest city in the state.† In a reference to a street address, precede the state abbreviation with a comma, but do not insert a second comma between the abbreviation and the ZIP code: â€Å"123 Main Street, Anytown, CA 54321.† (By the way, ZIP is an acronym standing for â€Å"Zone Improvement Plan.†) When a compass point is designated in a street address, follow a single-letter abbreviation with a period (as in â€Å"E. Main Street†), but do not punctuate a two-letter abbreviation or separate the street name from an abbreviation that follows (as in â€Å"First Street NW†). Compass points described in isolation are generally spelled out (for example, northwest), but in technical contexts, they may be abbreviated as they are in addresses. For locations with words such as fort, mount, and saint in the name, consult a geographical dictionary or an official printed or online resource about the location to determine whether to spell out or abbreviate the word. However, the Spanish equivalents of saint, San and Santa, are never abbreviated. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Loan, Lend, Loaned, LentWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

Food security in Eritrea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Food security in Eritrea - Essay Example Eritrea is a sovereign state, which has been faced with numerous cases of conflict within itself and with its neighbours, especially Ethiopia, due to border demarcation issues, a factor which has resulted to internal displacement of people. Reports indicate that more than 10000 out of the original 70000 internally displaced persons still live in temporary camps, waiting to be resettled by the government (Tesfa, 2008). Apparently, this has been one of the major factors contributing to food shortages due to the fact that these people have no cultivatable land as the war pushed them out of their homes and as such, they can only depend on aid from well wishers and the government. It is estimated that more than 2 million people are affected by food insecurity, translating to approximately 40% of the total population (Tesfa, 2008). The fight for freedom, which lasted for approximately 30 years, left the country in a state of destruction especially in the agricultural sector. This is due to the fact that most of the lands which could be used for farming are littered with unexploded ordinances, which pose a security hazard to the farmers (Rena, 2007). In this context, any person trying to cultivate in these lands risks the possibility of triggering the explosion of land mines, which were buried during the war, but failed to explode. Tensions that continue to exist between Ethiopia and Eritrea have contributed to more installation of these landmines as a defensive mechanism at the expense of the farming communities (Zwi, 2005). The temporary security zone, which is considered to have been the most productive agricultural land measuring approximately 25km2 remains unutilized as a result of these landmines, which have kept away more than 50000 inhabitants, who were displaced by the war, regardless of the fact that n o more fighting takes place in this area (Zwi, 2005). With these developments, food production is deemed to remain low and as such, more people will continue to be affected by extreme hunger. This is also due to the fact that the government has continued to spend a lot of the already scarce resources to finance and facilitate the war with Ethiopia. For instance, it is estimated that more than 300 000 men and women are serving in the army instead of letting them engage in farming activities (Gebre, 2009). Human resource in the agricultural sector is a crucial necessity since activities such as cultivation, planting, and weeding as well as harvesting among others requires to be done in order to guarantee quality harvest. In Eritrea, this has not been the case as it has been observed that there have been limited human resources hence high labour costs. As earlier stated, poor diplomatic relations between the country and its neighbours, i.e. Ethiopia and Sudan, have led to the closure o f the respective borders. This means that no movement is allowed in and from the country, which has continued to impact the economy negatively. It is true to say that if this was not the case, citizens of these nations would have had a chance to interact economically through trading in imports and exports thereby increasing the amount of foreign exchange as well as revenue collected

Communication Career Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication Career - Research Paper Example Communication career requires a bachelor’s degree in Arts and other related fields. Bachelors’ degree is the relevant entry requirement for this career because the work involves design and analysis of the social aspects. The analytical work conducted by the communication professional dictates the above requirement. It is notable that design projects require adequate information, which is best covered at the bachelor’s level. In addition, the communication industry contemporary progresses in social economic aspects to develop strategies that would promote social development. Most modern trends observable today tend to demand educational qualification alongside the experience that a person has. My aspiration in the field largely depends on my ability to achieve the essential education requirement. The subject combination necessary for the bachelor degree in communication is as follows: A-level which majors in linguistics, history, and social studies. The typical starting salary for communication workers is $ 13.56 per hour. This salary is considered high owing to the fact that the employee is a fresh graduate without work experience. The demand for experience is a common trend in the labor market. However, the preferences are given to this career and the communication training at the bachelors’ level enables new recruits to serve while preparing for higher cadre. Records on the communication industry indicate that occupation practices such as job training do apply in the industry. In addition, demand for experience before assuming the job is not a major factor considered at the entry level.

Best Vacation Essay Example for Free

Best Vacation Essay Are you in the mood to relax, take in the sun, and have people cater to you? If so, you should take my advice and go on a cruise. My family and I took a four-day, three-night cruise on Royal Caribbean’s Sovereign of the Seas three years ago and it was the best vacation we have ever had. Nothing else mattered but what was in that moment. Though getting to the ship took a lot of time, the cruise was a place to get away, have no worries, and feel like a queen. I packed, wondering if I had forgotten anything I would need and thought to myself, is it worth all this hassle? My family and I planned to drive from Austin, Texas, to Galveston, Texas and stop in Texas City, Texas for the night. We did not want to waste a moment of our vacation so we stopped and visited our family in different towns on the way. We arrived at Texas City that night, rented a room and went right to bed. The drive had exhausted all of us and all we could think about was a good night’s sleep and the hopes of a better, less exhausting day tomorrow. We got up the next morning around six a. m. ate breakfast, and got on the road to the ship. Finally, we made it. There it was, the biggest ship I had ever seen in my life. It was a city on water. We checked in and walked into the main lobby of the ship. When we entered, my family and I looked at each other as if to say â€Å"Oh my god. Do we belong here? This is the classiest place I have ever seen. † A gentleman who reassured us we were in the correct place greeted us. He made us feel as if he would have spent all day with us just making sure we had everything we needed. We then went to our room and found chocolates on our pillows, a cute monkey made out of towels hanging from the ceiling, and a mini bar full of all the drinks we could drink. We all knew that at this moment we were going to have a vacation of a lifetime. That evening we spent the rest of the day exploring the ship as if it was a maze that needed solving. The next morning my family and I decided to have breakfast. There were so many places to choose from it was hard to decide. We could dine at one of the buffets, in a formal dining room, or out on the deck. We finally made the choice to dine in one of the formal dining rooms. At once, a waiter was at our table assuring us we were the most important customers he had and anything we needed was his pleasure to provide. After breakfast, we spent that first day going in and out of shops and resting on the deck looking out over the ocean. At this point, we were so relaxed we felt like we could melt. There were no worries here and the hardest job we had was deciding what to wear that day. I wondered if this is the way the rich and famous feel. The next day was a very exciting day for us. We were stopping at Cocoa Cay, a small private island. My family was ready to explore and I was ready for the snorkeling excursion. Everyone loaded up on small boats and little by little, we all made it to the island. As soon as I stepped off the boat, I stepped into sand that was as white as snow. The water was crystal clear like the water coming from a mountain spring. My family hurried away to start exploring and I headed for the snorkeling gear. I put all the gear on and into the translucent water I dove. As I submerged myself into this undersea world all the sounds around me ceased. I could hear the heart beat of the ocean swishing around me. As I looked around, I noticed the colors were shimmering in this underwater world. I could see luminously colored fish and coral all around me. Spectacularly colored fish of all shapes and sizes swam around me as if to say hello. I caught a glimpse of a stingray as he glided by aimlessly. The next day we woke up with a sense of wretchedness. It was our last day and we were not looking forward to going back to our everyday life. We were treated as if we were royalty and hated to give this up. We went back home to the same routine. We had to go back to work and do our daily chores. I caught myself daydreaming about the cruise and the carefree life we experienced there. If anyone would like to relax, take in the sun, and have people cater to you, a cruise is definitely the vacation you should choose.

What is Important? :: Law College Admissions Essays

What is Important? Â   I sat down today to write an essay which undoubtedly would have followed the same format that you have seen a thousand times before, but after tonight I don't think that would really be appropriate. I am an accomplished student. As an Environmental Resources Engineering student I am trained to think and problem solve. Consistently I am placed in leadership positions by my peers, and I have a reputation for doing work well beyond what is expected. Since my return to school five years ago, my goal has been to be known and respected by my peers solely based on a reputation for producing excellent work. On July 28, 1999 my life changed, but not my goals. I got married to the kindest, most caring woman I've ever known. For the last two and a half years spending time with her has been the single most important extracurricular activity in my life, and today I was reminded of that. Â   After considering attending law school for several months, I made the final decision last August. Since then, it has been at the forefront of my mind. This semester in school has been a very demanding one. I have half a dozen major design projects going on, and have been designated the group leader in three of the four group projects. I like leading the charge in my group design projects. It is especially rewarding when my peers turn to me for leadership and help when I am not officially designated as the leader. It has a very significant side effect though: loss of time. Fortunately, budgeting time is one of my strengths. I am in class 25 hours a week, I operate a small business providing information to a power agency, I direct many efforts within my group design projects, I stay on top of my homework, attend some engineering club activities, and spend time with my wife. With 24 hours in a day, six lost to sleep, and countless others lost to running the household, aided by my wife, this is no small task. Lately it got a little harder. Â   When we were married, my wife left her friends and family in Canada and followed me down to California to an uncertain future. I had just transferred to a California state university. I had no job and only a few thousand dollars saved up from my job at the power agency.

Attachment Theory Essay

In this essay I have selected 3 different theories, which will focus on human growth development theories, I will demonstrate my understanding of each theory and explain the psychological disturbances which are linked to each one and demonstrate how these theory can be off use to the counsellor in therapy. John Bowbly (1969) and Mary Ainsworths (1974) known, as the mother and father of attachment theory both became key figures in contributing to child development, with their ideas of personality development, together they changed the views of childcare practice and how mothers, reared their children, his views greatly influenced society, by identifying that a child first relationship was very important as this would effect them for the rest of their lives. Bowlby (1969) and Ainsworth (19740 described â€Å"Attachment as a deep, and enduring bond that connects one person to another across time and space.† (Ainsworth, 1976: Bowbly, 1969), The development of attachment over the last 50 years has also benefited practitioners , nurses parents as it has given them a useful insight into interpersonal relationships and the understanding that pass negative experiences with care givers is damaging to a childens emotional and psychological we’ll being. Attachment theory has been proven to be very effective method used in psychotherapy because it is a very useful tool for counsellors, as it helps the counsellor to focus on relevant information and tells them what to look for descriptions of characteristics and can predict certain behaviour in certain settings, This theory can also help to identify problems and it can help to assist clients in effective modification of their behaviour , thoughts, how you react emotionally to things and events and interpersonal relations as it serves as a foundation for understanding the development of ineffective coping strategies and the underlying dynamics of the person emotional difficulties, Bowbly,(1907) was the first psychologist to draw on ethology concepts from animals and applied the same principle to humans ,The main focus of his work  was based on the focus of attachment, and the effects of separation and loss, he proposed that all babies were born with a inborn instinct to connect with their parents and maintain close proximity to enhance survival to ensure reproduction. based on extensive research Bowblys (1969) suggested that if human failed to attached to their care give between the ages of 6-2 years they would not develop emotionally or psychology healthy whilst they continued to grow which would effect them later on in life, Bowbly (1969),also stated to make human development possible the infant and the young child should experienced a warm intimate and continues with their parental figure , he posed that a mother should be able to be in tune with their childs needs and respond apprioaraly as failure to do, could have devasting effect later for the child† (bowlby 1951 p.13( david wallen) Bowbly(1969) attachment theoy implies that it is the way in which the child was handled by their primary care giver that helps to form the child personality, he proposed that this is how the child develops their internal working model, which can be positive or negative which helps then to relate to other in the world as they grow older. Bowlby 1969) described these attachment behaviours, as a secure attachment, insecure attachment and disorganised attachment , he stated that children generally displayed protest, despair or detachment when separated from their parents, Mary Ainsworth (1997), a psychologist, that was a student of Bowlbys (1969), later expanded and tested his idea, whereby she took part in her own empirical study called the strange situation, whereby she proved Bowlbys(1974) attachment theory correct alongside some new concepts of her own, after carrying out her study in America and Uganda on babies from 12-18mths that were separated from their mothers for 3 minutes, based on her findings, she proposed that there was four different types of attachment behaviour that the infant displayed their fore classified four different categories, (expand) secure attachment , anxious -avoidant and anxious ambivalent, and disorganised attachment. Ainsworth (1974) findings revealed that children that fell into the secure attachment category were raised by sensitive mothers that responded promptly to their child needs, † â€Å"the mothers day in day out responseness had given them faith in her as a protector† (ainsworth1974) p.g 55 concepts and application). mothers that fell into the avoidant category were reported to be inhibited in expressing or showing any comfort or emotions to their children, their fore is seen as not ready and available for the child, mothers that fall in the ambulant category were described as unpredictable and occasionally available, and the child as either passive or angry.as a result of parenting. and finally a mother from the disorganised attachment, main prosed that infant disorganisation is the outcome not only of interaction with parents whose anger and abuse is self evidently frightened (main&hesse 1912) This theory can help the counsellor to become aware of all the different types of anxieties and disorders that their clients may be facing theory it serves as a map, which offers insights into different types of relationships , effective coping strategies and the underlying dynamics of the persons emotional difficulties , it also helps the counsellor to understand the strategies that many individuals use to get their unmet needs met which sometimes result in them becoming more distressed than before  conclusion  Symond Freud, John Bowbly and erik Erikson all belonged to the same school of thoughts and studied human growth and development pschology for many years and have all contributed different ideas in regards to child development.

How does Jane Austen ensure that Lizzy and Darcy are the most attractive couple in the novel? Essay

We are introduced to the character of Lizzy early on, and in such away that we are immediately given a positive impression of her. We first hear of her in a conversation between Mr and Mrs Bennet when discussing the arrival of Mr Bingley. â€Å"I must throw in a good word for my little Lizzy† Mr Bennet says, â€Å"Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters† This is the first impression that we have of Lizzy. To introduce her character in this way means that even before meeting her, we are already thinking of her character and already have an image of her in our minds. We see that Mr Bennet points out Lizzy’s ‘quickness’, showing that she is clever and not absent minded and dull. By hearing his praise of her, we can not dislike her unless we see something that we disapprove, which never occurs, as such. In order for Darcy and Elizabeth to be attractive as a couple, they also need to be attractive as individuals. Their attractiveness, not just of looks but of personality, are hinted to us throughout the novel. Lizzy is strong-willed, witty, bright and intelligent. â€Å"Really, ma’am, I think it would be very hard upon younger sisters, that they should not have their share of society and amusement, because the elderly may not have the means or inclination to marry early. The last born has a good a right to the pleasures of youth as the first.† This is from the conversation between Lizzy and Lady Catherine about Lydia’s marriage, which shows how Lizzy is happy to speak her mind and show her point of view. To the reader this is admirable, perhaps especially at the time when in society she would have kept it to herself due to her age, position and feminism. We see also, that various people, like her father, have much more respect for her due to it. This leads to influence us to see her in the same way. Darcy originally appears to us in a different manner. While the first impression we get of Lizzy is positive, the impression we get of Darcy is soon considerably negative. However, Jane Austen does not immediately influence us to dislike him. â€Å"his friend Mr Darcy soon drew the attention of the room by his fine, tall person, handsome features, noble mien, and the report which was in general circulation within five minutes after his entrance, of his having ten thousand a-year.† The quote is taken from when Darcy first enters the story at the Meryton ball. He is talked of with much approval and very much admired. However, this view is soon altered when we witness his conversation with Bingley at the dance. Bingley is attempting to persuade Darcy to participate and to dance with Lizzy. â€Å"She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me; and I am in no humour at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men.† This insults Lizzy, being in her earshot, and yet she can laugh at how ridiculous his manner was. His rudeness also influences the reader of how we perceive him. With additional incidents similar, we are for a long time under the impression that Darcy is a very proud and rude man and so it takes a long time to change our views. However, with the image of the very first description of Darcy, there is something slightly attractive in his character to grow on. It is interesting to note that although Darcy is handsome and very rich, we do not base his attractiveness individually on this. There are also other attractive features of Darcy that develop later on in the novel. This is interesting as it is opposite to an incident in the book concerning Wickham. â€Å"She could have added, â€Å"A young man, too, like you, whose very countenance may vouch for your being amiable†.† Here Lizzy has mistaken the good looks of Wickham for goodness. While Wickham is attractive in the face, his personality is not so. We are not only drawn to Darcy for his looks, however, but also look for something more attractive than physical attraction and wealth. â€Å"He is the best landlord, and the best master,† she said, â€Å"that ever lived; not like the wild young men nowadays, who think nothing but themselves. There is not one of his tenants or servants but what will give him a good name.† This report of Darcy from his housekeeper demonstrates the character we see developing. By such information, it is suggested that what we originally presumed of him to be proud and rude, may actually, in some ways, be misunderstandings of his character, as we learn that he is merely the strong, silent type. The improvement of Darcy’s character, as well as the less obvious improvement of Elizabeth’s, is one of the attractive features of their partnership. The way that they work on their relationship is attractive because they do not just settle with an easy option but admit mistakes and amend problems. They both realise faults in themselves due to each other. Darcy’s pride and Lizzy’s prejudice. Darcy’s pride we have already seen at the ball. This is shown to us in an obvious manner and even stated and talked about. It is often Lizzy who complains about it and is the reason that she despises Darcy so much and for so long. This also demonstrates her prejudice. Although it is noticeable in many occasions, her prejudice is less public. However, she still learns from her mistakes. These two aspects of their characters do not mix and so is not until they can overcome them, that they realise how right they are for each other. The development of their partnership in this way is attractive, rising it above other couples in the novel. We can look at the marriage of Bingley and Jane, for instance, for comparison. Jane and Bingley’s marriage is the only other in the book that we are happy for, however, the marriage of Lizzy and Darcy still improves on it. While the former is very simple and ‘pretty’, the latter is a lot deeper, with the way it was developed forming interesting layers of characters. Other couples are a lot more obviously unsuited. Mr and Mrs Bennet are one such example. When their marriage took place, Mrs Bennet married up in society, while Mr Bennet married down. Mrs Bennet was attractive but vacuous and she didn’t improve in intelligence. We can presume that Mr Bennet regretted the marriage. We see an inclination of this when he is advising Lizzy on her marriage to Darcy. â€Å"My child, let me not have the grief of seeing you unable to respect your partner in life. You know not what you are about.† We can suggest from this that Mr Bennet is reflecting on himself, and the mistake that he carried out in marrying Mrs Bennet, as he appears to be talking from experience. We see many examples where he is not happy with his marriage and not happy with Mrs Bennet. â€Å"My dear, do not give way to such gloomy thoughts. Let us hope for better things. Let us flatter ourselves that I may be the survivor† This is Mr Bennet’s reply to a conversation with Mrs Bennet about what would happen to their property when he died. We see how he has no respect for her as he is continually mocking her in this cruel way throughout the book. The amount of sarcasm and irony he uses suggests that he is merely taking it all as a joke, as if were he to take it seriously, he would not be able to handle it. We see also in the novel how, to get away from it, he spends a lot of his time by himself in his library where Mrs Bennet and the rest of the family can not disturb him. Lizzy and Darcy’s marriage however, already proves to be more successful. As a couple, they are good for each other. They can succeed in the development of each others character. They are both intelligent people, unlike Mrs Bennet, who can carry out intellectual conversations and discussions. We can see this in an earlier conversation. â€Å"To yield readily – easily – persuasion of a friend is no merit with you.† â€Å"To yield without conviction is no compliment to the understanding of either.† â€Å"You appear to me, Mr Darcy, to allow nothing for the influence of friendship and affection† This is one such example of Darcy and Lizzy exchanging and debating opinions. We can also compare this to the marriage of Charlotte Lucas and Mr Collins. â€Å"When Mr Collins could be forgotten, there was a great air of comfort throughout, and by Charlotte’s evident enjoyment of it, Elizabeth supposed he must often be forgotten.† This was taken from Lizzy’s visit to Hunsford to visit Mr and Mrs Collins. It shows how happier Charlotte is when her husband isn’t there, and that this is often the case. Lizzy and Darcy however, enjoy each other’s company immensely and do not tire of it. We see that the Collins’ marriage is a marriage of convenience. It is stable, they have money and their own space from each other, but there is no love. They would never sit and enjoy a conversation but would much rather be separate from each other, similarly to Mr and Mrs Bennet, but right from the start of their marriage. Darcy and Lizzy as a couple are attractive because they are so meant to be. Jane Austen has written us a Romantic novel where the well matched always end up living happily ever after. They are not bad like Lydia and Wickham and so we feel a great love for them and believe that they deserve to be happy together. By being able to compare them to many other couples in the book we see even more clearly how they, as a couple, are the most attractive.

Literature Research Paper Topics and Ideas

Literature Research Paper Topics and Ideas A research paper in literature is an assignment that will not leave you bored and indifferent. Here, you have an opportunity to pick a book that you like and share your opinion and findings of it with others. In your paper, you can focus on various topics, including the development or peculiarities of characters’ personalities, a primary message or theme of the writing or you can even concentrate on the examination of various literary techniques, templates of storytelling, or symbolic essence of the chosen literary piece. Besides, the research paper in literature also allows you to put an author in the first place by conducting your research on studying his or her biography and then correlating it to the topics from their oeuvre. Do not forget, however, that a research paper implies a thorough study of the subject and demands referencing to corresponding credible sources, which are connected directly to the origins of the theme you chose to study. However, you should understand that it can be hard to add something new to researches of already established scholars, but you should also strive to make your point original since your perception of a book you read is unique. In your research paper, you ought to show a mindful insight and interpretation of the literary work. Topics: With this in mind, consider the following topics for your literature research paper: Character’s Code of Life Code of life is something that defines values, beliefs, morals of a character. Choose a book that you like or that is in your curriculum and pick one character for analysis. Try to explain how that character conducts his or her life and how they see themselves in connection to the external world. Keep in mind that you have to provide textual evidence from the source. Artificial Language in Literature Fantasy and science fiction usually present entirely new languages developed by its authors, and this fact can pass for a great topic of your research. However, be sure that you are acquainted with or at least interested in linguistics before building your paper on studying languages. If you do, you can pick, for instance, J. R. R. Tolkien’s books as a source, and examine the elvish language by showing a correlation of it with English or other languages. Feminism in Literature Feminism in literature can be either vividly expressed or hidden between the lines. Think about whether you have ever noticed a tough or eccentric woman in the books you read; recall whether her behavior breaks the rules of the social standards depicted in the text. If yes, then try to explain what is uncommon about her character and why you consider it to be feminist. You should also pay attention to the author’s biography and the period in which the book was published since it can explain a lot. Modern Myth in Literature Actually, ancient myths are the representation of an ancient nation’s values just like the Greek epic is filled with heroic figures. There are also many modern myths that represent the values of today’s people. For instance, the American Dream is one of the modern myths that are common to literature, so you can focus on studying it in, for example, Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"The Great Gatsby.† Archetypes in Literature Archetypes are the patterns of behavior and images that are rooted in the human unconscious and travel through centuries. For instance, the mother figure is a carrying, protective and selfless character that can be either actual mother to the protagonist or just a person who meets these qualities. There are many similar archetypes that you can find online and then distinguish and analyze them. Be sure, however, to support your research by referring to Carl Jung’s studies, since he was the particular scientist to develop this theory. Tricksters in Literature Trickster is a universal figure in literature, which will make your task interesting and entertaining. He is the one who breaks social conventions and disobeys standards of behavior. You can notice such character by his craving for pranks, cunning, and eccentricity. For instance, a king’s jester is in most cases a trickster. You should refer to credible sources when analyzing a figure of Trickster, such as Carl Jung and his study of the Trickster archetype. Hero’s Journey The hero’s journey is a common template used in literature, which is applied in fantasy quite often. It includes several stages of plot development, such as when the protagonist is called to adventures, faces challenges, experiences an inner transformation, and returns to the initial point. You can notice this template in â€Å"Harry Potter† books and many others of the same genre. In your research paper, try to compare each stage to the parts of the chosen book by bringing textual pieces of evidence. Metaphors in Literature Every successful writer ought to create unique ways of describing the surrounding world in his or her books, so they usually create unique metaphors that were never used before. Pick a book you like and try to find such parts in the text. You can analyze how accurately they are used, and how well they express the author’s thought. Dystopian Literature Dystopian literature is aimed at exploring the darkest parts of political and social structures. Frequently, in such book authors tend to allude to the existing but hyperbolized version of nations all over the world. George Orwell’s â€Å"1984† can serve as a perfect basis for your research. In your paper, try to draw connections between the fiction and the real world. Mythology in Literature Not only do writers create unique languages, but they also make up worlds and their mythologies. In fact, since in most cases authors are inspired by real-world history, they usually mix or transform existing mythologies. For instance, in this research paper, you can show a correlation between Celtic and J. R. R. Tolkien’s Middle-earth mythologies. Philosophy in Literature Frequently, you can notice that famous philosophers such as Plato, Friedrich Nietzsche, Rene Descartes, and many others speak through the characters in the books you read, and this fact opens an opportunity for research. This topic, however, demands thorough knowledge of the subject and a lot of research. At first, you should pick a character or characters that tend to fall into philosophical ponders, and then strive to find the source of the paraphrased expression, if there is such. Psychological Disorders in Literature While trying to provide their characters with unique personalities, many authors tend to grace their personalities with various psychological disorders. The most used ones are post-traumatic stress disorder, the delusion of grandeur, and bipolar disorder. In your research, you can analyze how accurately a character’s behavior corresponds to the clinical manifestation of the disorder; you can take â€Å"Fight Club† by Chuck Palahniuk as an example. Satire in Literature In literature, satire is usually used to ridicule the regime of a government, as it did George Orwell in â€Å"Animal Farm.† In this book, the author criticized the Soviet Union by using the animal personification of political figures and illustrated events from that time. If you decide to write a literature research paper on this topic, then you should define the target of satire and draw connections between real events and people, and the author’s creation. Iceberg Theory This theory was coined by Ernest Hemingway and implies that a story should have a hidden deeper meaning. You can choose, for instance, one or several Hemingway’s works, such as â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† or â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,† and strive to give meaning to the text that from the first sight can be seen to be plain. You should provide quotes from the book and explain how you have understood it. War in Literature The first and second World Wars had a critical impact on the writers of Lost Generation. The events of that time have significantly affected their worldview, and therefore their creations. Describe how the war is depicted in the book you choose, and strive to understand whether the author appeals to war or whether he or she stood against it. The most famous names of the Lost Generation are Erich Maria Remarque and Ernest Hemingway, the works of whom might be vital for your research. Holy Grail in Literature Holy Grail is a motif that came from a legend about King Arthur, and that symbolizes endless and pointless searches for the unworthy. In a story built on this template, a character or characters strive to achieve or find something, and it is either they experience inner changes and prove to be worthy, or they fail. In your research paper, you should describe the search for â€Å"Holy Grail† and, by refereeing to stories about the fellowship of the King Arthur, explain why the characters from your chosen book succeed or fail. Arthurian Melancholy Arthurian Melancholy is another template borrowed from legends about the King. This method of bookending implies both happy and tragic end of a story and thus creates the feeling of melancholy. J. R. R. Tolkien masterfully incorporated this template in his â€Å"The Lord of the Rings† trilogy, since its ending was relieving and sad at the same time. For such a topic, you have to be acquainted with a credible source about King Arthur, like Thomas Malory’s â€Å"Le Morte dArthur,† to be able to compare it with a book you want to choose. Racism in Literature In their works, authors often argue against racism, present its nonsense through the prism of fantastic images, or even accidentally offend a certain group of people. For this topic, it is important to pay attention to the author’s biography and historical period in which the writing was published. Only after this, you will be able to explain what was the author’s true message and what were the prerequisites of his or her claims. Transformation of Human Personality The environment can have a huge impact on a character’s personality. In some cases, a hero can cross the horizon of despair and turn into completely another person or even a villain. Try to follow each step of a character’s development and comment of them. Explain what the reasons for a change were. â€Å"The Heart of Darkness† by Joseph Conrad, where the protagonist experienced an inner breakdown, might put you on the right track. Divine Intervention Divine intervention or â€Å"Deus ex-machine† is a tradition of unexpected and mysterious resolution of a particular problem that was started in ancient Greek drama. In fact, writers use it even nowadays, if there is no other way to resolve a conflict. However, it transformed and gained different manifestations. In your research paper, try to analyze moments from a book or books where the characters are saved or assisted by divine or supernatural forces. Explain how the tradition has changed through ages. You can also write whether this method is still valuable for writers or appreciated by readers. Conclusion As you might have mentioned, although a research paper in literature gives you a wide specter of choice and creative freedom, it also demands a thorough study of the subject under discussion. You have to both – read the chosen book attentively, as well as to be familiar with everything that your topic includes. For instance, if you want to analyze the relation of a character to a particular archetype, then you would better examine the studies of Carl Jung and reference them accordingly to provide credibility to your claims. Similarly, while exploring the similarities between an emotional ambivalence of the book-ending and the Arthurian melancholy, then you ought to be familiar with the literature devoted to this legendary British leader and cite your sources with due attention. Otherwise, it is likely that your claims will seem superficial or even inappropriate, and your research paper will fail to match the required instruction. That is why, to consider every critical point f rom the reading, you have to prepare your mind by studying theory and only then take on practice.

Emailing a Literary Agent

Emailing a Literary Agent Emailing a Literary Agent Emailing a Literary Agent By Maeve Maddox In the old days writers could send out their queries and fantasize for weeks about acceptance before getting that crumpled little self-addressed envelope with its bad news back in the mail. Nowadays, thanks to email, we can be zapped with rejection in a matter of minutes! Nevertheless, email queries are a boon to writer and agent. They save time, paper and postage. Not to mention unproductive fantasizing. Much email writing breeds carelessness in most of us so its a good idea to pay special attention to any email we direct to a literary agent. Here are some guidelines. Subject line: Put something meaningful in the subject line. For example, a meaningful subject line for a query about a novel called It Was A Dark and Stormy Night would be Query: It Was A Dark and Stormy Night. Contact information: The usual place in an email for contact information is at the end, after your name. However, in this case its a probably a good idea to let the agent know immediately whose query is unscrolling before him. Just put the same contact information at the top left of the email that you have after your name at the bottom. Greeting: Use the same salutation you would in a letter. Do your homework. Address your query to an individual, not an agency. Find out if the honorific is Mr. or Ms. Avoid Email Speak: Dont pepper your query with abbreviations like BTW or LOL. Think business letter. Write the email as if you were going to mail it the old-fashioned way. Formatting: Keep your email query brief. Avoid long screeds of words. Break it up into short word groupings. I hesitate to say paragraphs. In web writing proper paragraphing is not always an option when the goal is to present easy-to-read clumps of words. And above all, DONT WRITE IN ALL CAPS! Correct spelling and usasge: Most emails are composed on the fly. We open Compose, dash off our message and hit Send. Thats not the way to handle an email query. A single misspelling or misused pronoun can shoot you down with the agent. Write your query in a word processor. Use the spell checker. Run it out and scrutinize the hard copy. When your query is error-free, then and only then paste it into the email and hit Send. Tone and Style: Be businesslike. You can be cordial without being chummy. Dont try to crack a joke. Jokes have a way of coming out all wrong in an email. And as for emoticons. Puhleez! 🙂 Attachments: Unless the agent has asked for an attachment, dont send one. Most people, not just literary agents, maintain a strict policy of not opening attachments from strangers. Links: Given the tiny bit of space allowed by an email to present ourselves, its tempting to want to include links to sites that tell more about us or showcase our writing. Its probably not a good idea. All the agent wants in this first approach is the gist of your proposal and an idea of your professional credentials. By all means, place a link to your professional website after your name at the end of the email, but dont pepper the body of the email with links. The OWL at Purdue offers general guidelines at Email Etiquette. Business managers who would like to draft an email policy guide for their employees will find 32 rules of email etiquette at a site called Emailreplies.com. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesDoes "Mr" Take a Period?40 Irregular Verbs That Can End in â€Å"-t†

Property law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Property law - Assignment Example One of the interesting aspects about this problem is that the nature of obligation changed from one tenant to the next. The facts indicate that my client is the tenant of a Victorian Townhouse. The facts also indicate that my client is not the original tenant, and that the lease was assigned to my client three years ago. It may be inferred that perhaps the previous client, the one who actually made the original lease with the landlord, was a residential lessee, as the structure is a home, and the character of the lease changed when the original lessee assigned his or her lease to the current lessor, who is obviously a business lessee, as they are using the space for a bookstore. Therefore, two different parts of the Landlord Tenant Act might apply in this situation. The original lessee, if the original lessee was a residential lessee, would fall under the first part of this Act, and the current lessee, who is a business, would fall under the second part of the Act. This is because th e first part of the Act is titled â€Å"Security of Tenure for Residential Tenants,† and the provisions in this part apply only to residential tenants. The second part of the Act is titled â€Å"Security of Tenure for Business, Professional and Other Tenants,† and it, of course, applies to commercial interests, such as the one in the fact pattern. Therefore, two different analysis will have to be performed – one analysis for the original tenant, and one for the current tenant, who is our client. The fact pattern indicates that, for the original lessee, the original lease was executed in 1997 and included a repair covenant, in which the original lessee was to perform the necessary repair work to keep the building in tenantable condition, and that this included decorations, wall-surfaces, window frames, glazing and casements. Moreover, in the original lease, there was provision for rent review in the 5th, 10th and 15th years of the lease and that the lease may ter minate on the 16th year, by giving six months notice, provided that the lessee materially performed the duties that were required of that tenant under this lease. Therefore, the clause that the original lessee signed with the landlord will come under the Landlord Tenant Act 1954  § 8. This provision states that when a tenant and landlord agree that the tenant is to perform certain repairs on the structure, and these repairs are not made, then the landlord may charge the tenant the reasonable value of the repairs (Landlord Tenant Act 1954  § 8). This does not seem like an overly draconian solution to the problem, if it is determined that there needs to be repairs made and the tenant refuses to make the repairs - the landlord can simply make the necessary repairs himself, which in this case would include shoring up the cracks in the ceiling, and reinforcing the floor joists so that the excess load does not cause further cracks, and could then charge the lessee the necessary charge s that the landlord would incur in getting this done. Yet there is a more draconian provision in the Landlord Tenant Act 1954 when it comes to lessees who refuse to perform the terms of the lease. In this case, the terms of the lease are that the lessee performs the repair work that ensures that the dwelling in tenantable, and, assuming that having cracks in the ceiling make the dwelling untenantable, then a refusal to deal with this issue might be cause for

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Project management - Essay Example 48). The difference between the two is that one focuses on the delivery of quality products (control), while the other works on ensuring that the confidence of delivering quality products is present (assurance). This paper will examine the difference and relationship between the two, and how organizations are using these concepts to ensure their products are exceptional in a highly competitive market. Both these terms work toward ensuring that the final products meet the required standards of quality. Quality control is often seen as a reactive measure, where the quality of a product is tested and screened. It involves all the operational skills and techniques that are needed to fulfil the different requirements in a quality product. Quality assurance, on the other hand, is seen as a preventive strategy. In this strategy, the company is keen on planning, filing, and assenting to guidelines that work on assuring the quality of products (Webber & Wallace 2011, p. 83). At the beginning of any project, QA must be carried out to ensure that the risks identified and specified are mitigated. QA is often regarded as a pro-active managerial tool or technique, which is used to guarantee a certain level of quality in a company’s product. Appropriate QA and QC should be undertaken once a project has been chosen. This is in order to provide the necessary and pertinent information on the project to avoid the risks that may be present as with any project (Rose 2005, p 76). In the case of the UK stabilisation and solidification treatment and remediation, adequate QA and QC must be guaranteed to ensure a consistent and systematic approach to dealing with the entire process. This is from the project’s conception/beginning to the project’s end/completion. It is through adequate QA and QC that the treatability studies, testing and design procedures, and the construction

Why people volunteer in their community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why people volunteer in their community - Essay Example In fact, studies such as those by Serow (1991) and Bussell & Forbes (2002), which investigated the many ulterior motives for involvement in community services, reveal that people volunteer out of both altruistic as well as self-centered motives. The welfare and service of others lies at the heart of any volunteering act. People actively participate in community services to obtain self-satisfaction and pleasure, which is addictive! Volunteering to participate in community activities is considered an act of charity. Studies that used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study changes in brain activity reveal that the centers of the brain which are stimulated when a person receives a reward or experiences pleasure are also activated when a person gives charity (Oppenheimer and Olivola 6). Another study by Meier and Stutzer (2008, qtd. in Oppenheimer and Olivola) suggests that volunteering increases well-being and â€Å"overall life satisfaction† (6). It is thus evident that volunteering is pleasurable and increases satisfaction, which is why people often engage in it. People also volunteer in community service to benefit professionally or educationally. Several business organizations such as Bain & Company promote or organize community services to introduce employees to â€Å"fresh ideas and new people† (â€Å"Community Volunteering†). Employees of such organizations participate voluntarily or involuntarily, as they cannot risk avoiding the company’s mandates. Students also volunteer in community activities to add weight-age to their college applications or get a scholarship. Scholarships such as the Prudential Spirit of Community Awards and the Samuel Huntington Public Service Award are exclusively awarded based on the candidates’ participation in community services and volunteering activities (â€Å"Community Service Scholarships†). It can be stated that some people volunteer to â€Å"gain an advantage† at a place of work

Native Americans- Minority Role Essay Example for Free

Native Americans- Minority Role Essay Power and Minority Group Position: The Case of Native Americans Majority/Minority group relations can be illustrated by studying the role of power and how it is distributed between groups. The majority, or group that wields the most power, directly affects the circumstances for the minority. In most cases power struggle leads to racial and ethnic inequality. This scenario describes the case of the Native Americans. Since the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the Native American has systematically been dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms that typify a subordinate or minority role, restricted life opportunities persist today as a result (Farley, 2000). When European settlers arrived on American shores to settle a New World, around 7 million Native Americans had been settled in the wilderness north of present-day Mexico for some time. It is believed that the first Native Americans arrived during the last Ice Age, approximately 20,000 30,000 years ago, by crossing the Bering Strait from northeastern Siberia into Alaska. Over thousands of years, spiritual kin-based communities had survived by living off the land and bartering goods. Their diversity was reflected by their societies, which ranged from small, mobile bands of hunter-gatherers in the Great Basin to temple-mound builders in the Southeast (DiBacco, 1995). The encounter of early explorers with the people of the Americas would ultimately set in motion the destruction of long existing Native American life and culture. Engrained into the minds of the Europeans were prejudiced images and stereotypes of the Native Americans, which we struggle still today to eradicate. From the 1490s to the 1590s, Europeans pushed inward across America from both coasts. Encounters with these settlers attracted many Native Americans toward European goods, but their attitudes toward the newcomers themselves depended greatly on previous experiences (Farley, 2000). In most cases, the early explorers found the Native American peoples to be friendly and generous. Columbus was immediately struck by the peaceful, generous nature of the Taino. The Taino society was highly organized around a patriarchal hierarchy and distinguished by happiness and friendliness. Columbus frankly stated how surprised he had been to make friends with the Indians. He wrote, They are gentle and comely people. They are so naive and free with their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would never believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say no. To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone They willingly traded everything they owned (DiBacco, 1995) When the Europeans settlers started to arrive in the 16th- and 17th-centurys they too were met by Native Americans. The Natives regarded their white-complexioned visitors as something of a marvel, not only for their outlandish dress and beards and winged ships, but even more for their wonderful technology steel knives and swords, fire-belching arquebus and cannons, mirrors, hawkbells and earrings, copper and brass kettles, etc. (Jordan, 1991). Increased interaction led to the Indians becoming less self-sufficient and economically dependent on the whites. As the years went on, however, the natives began to realize that the Europeans had much more in mind than a few settlements. They began to realize that their entire way of life was under siege. By the time the truth occurred to them, however, it was probably already too late. Their bows and arrows were no match for the Europeans firearms, and their bodies could not defend against the foreign diseases (DiBacco, 1995). As the encroachment of settlers on Indian lands continued, so did the inevitable conflicts. To the Indians, the arriving Europeans seemed attuned to another world; they appeared oblivious to the rhythms and spirits of nature (Jordan, 1991). Nature to the Europeans was something of an obstacle, even an enemy, and these disrespectful attitudes were quite apparent to the Indians. The wilderness was also a commodity however: a forest was so many board feet of timber, a beaver colony so many pelts, a herd of buffalo so many hides (Jordan, 1991). The Europeans cultural arrogance and ethnocentrism, and their materialistic view of the land and its inhabitants were repulsive to the Indians. Europeans, overall, were regarded as something mechanical soulless creatures wielding diabolically ingenious tools and weapons to accomplish selfish ends (Jordan, 1991). Initial European impressions of the Native American population were formed by the descriptions of Columbus and other explorers. Although Columbus initially praised the Taino, crediting them with a very acute intelligence , he also provided an unfavorable view of Native Americans when he discussed the Carib Indians, who were said to be very fierce cannibals. This description set the stage for the long-enduring image of the hostile, savage Indian (Berkhofer, 1978). Another New World explorer, Amerigo Vespucci further established this imagery in his writings about the natives stating, The nations wage war upon one another without art or order. The elders by means of certain harangues of theirs bend the youths to their will and inflame them to wars in which they cruelly kill one another, and those whom they bring home captives from war they preserve, not to spare their lives, but that they may be slain for food; for they eat one another, the victors the vanquished, and among other kinds of meat human flesh is a common article of diet with them. Nay be the more assured of this fact because the father has already been seen to eat children and wife (Burkhofer, 1978). The recently developed printing press rapidly dispersed such images through both print and picture, and these representations became firmly etched in the minds of the Europeans (Bataille, 1980). Eventually, the Native Americans were considered subhuman and evil. The hope of civilizing the Indian was often expressed, but ultimately religion required the eventual submission of the Indians to white domination (Burkhofer, 1978) When colonies began to form in North America, the colonists wanted to create a world similar to the one they had left. The Indians were a major barrier to this progress and civilization. The colonists hoped the natives would embrace Christianity and become assimilated within the colonist society. When the Native Americans resisted, they, like the wilderness, became merely an obstacle in the colonists path. Because they would not conform to the European way of life, their destruction was inevitable. Because some justification was needed in order to wipe out the entire race, the stereotype of the bloodthirsty savage was solidified (Bataille, 1980). The Europeans were accustomed to owning land and claimed ownership of the new territory, justifying their actions with the fact that the Indians were nomads with no interest in owning any land. The conflicts led to many wars and various actions instituted by the Europeans in order to accomplish their objectives. The Indian tribes were at a great disadvantage during these wars because of their modest numbers, nomadic life, lack of advanced weapons, and unwillingness to cooperate, even in their own defense (Jordan, 1991). During the nineteenth century, the American Indians, by tradition a communal people, were forcibly separated from their native cultures and lands. By the mid-1840s most of the Native Americans east of the Mississippi River had been relocated to Indian Territory, as a result of President Andrew Jacksons Indian Removal Act of 1830. This act gave territory to Native Americans who agreed to reject their ancestral holdings. This act allowed the Indians to live on the declared territory indefinitely. Many refused to leave their homelands, however, engaging in battles destined to end in death and destruction. These Native Americans were subjected to numerous forms of violence, such as raping, scalping and lynching, among other acts (Zinn, 1980). The Europeans eventually stripped the Native Americans of most of their lands, and as the settlers pushed further west, the boundaries of the Indian Territory continued to shrink. As the wandering Indians encountered existing tribes and the designated Indian Territory became more crowded, conflicts over land and hunting rights ensued. The relocated Indians were often struck by famine, as buffalo and other game became scarce. The reduction of the overcrowded Indian reservations was continued as more white settlers arrived in America (Zinn, 1980). The building of the transcontinental railroad allowed for thousands of white setters to make their way across Indian Territory. Native Americans forced off their lands often starved on the poor land or died of diseases brought with the settlers from Europe. Indians were often pressured to sign treaties giving up land and agreeing to live on reservations. In return, the government vowed to provide the Indians with services and supplies (Todd, 1986). The white men did not uphold this promise, however. Most of the Native Americans were nomadic and nonagricultural, and all depended for survival on hunting the buffalo (Jordan, 1991). The settlers realized the usefulness of the buffalo hides and killed an estimated three million buffalo each year over a three-year period. The devastation of the buffalo was also devastating to the Indians (Jordan, 1991). Tensions were increased as Indians traveled outside reservation lines to hunt buffalo for survival. When government attempts at concentrating the Native Americans in reservations proved ineffective, many battles ensued between Indians and Americans. Because their designated land was insufficient, the Indians were forced to revolt in order to survive (Todd, 1986). Terribly disadvantaged, however, the Native Americans were not able to defend themselves against the settlers. Most American Indians saw themselves as citizens of sovereign Indian nations. In fact, during the first half of the 1800s, the U. S. government treated Indians who lived in tribes as members of separate nations. The federal government even negotiated formal treaties with them. All that changed in the latter half of the 1800s. The U. S.government began to look at Indians as wards or dependents instead of citizens of their own sovereign nations or citizens of the United States. In 1870, the Senate declared that the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted citizenship to African Americans, did not apply to American Indians who lived in tribes. In 1871, Congress stated that hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be recognized as an independent nation (DiBacco, 1995). In 1887, congress passed the Dawes Act, dividing both reservations and families. Indian families who agreed to live separate and apart from any tribe were given their own land to cultivate. After 25 years, the family would be granted both land and U. S. citizenship. This U. S. policy stressed Indian assimilation of the habits of civilized life through citizenship, education, and individual land ownership (DiBacco, 1995). Traditionally, Native Americans owned land through tribes and communities, as opposed to individually. The effort to individualize Indians and force them to forgo their tribal and traditional ways caused strife among tribal communities and provoked a growing Indian opposition (Zinn, 1980). Once again, however, the Indians suffered because the quality of their land was very poor, they were untrained at farming, and they lacked proper tools. Additionally, disease and malnutrition increased as common causes of death. Between 1887 and 1934, American Indian nations lost more than sixty percent of their land to the American federal government (Jordan, 1991). The end of the 19th century marked the end of the Indian Wars with an unprovoked massacre in 1890 during which Indian warriors, women, and children were slaughtered by U. S. cavalry at Wounded Knee (Jordan, 1991). In the end approximately 200 Native American men, women, and children had been killed (DiBacco, 1995). In the early twentieth century Indians continued to be the target of civilized assimilation efforts. In accordance with these efforts, the government funded Native American churches and schools. Education has been regarded as a primary tool in the cultural genocide, or assimilation, of Native Americans throughout history. Its overall effect severely diluted Native American culture with Christian European values and beliefs, but taught no Native American history (Keohane, 2003). The Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, the Haskell Institute in Kansas, and the Chilocco Indian School in Oklahoma all sought to eradicate Indian languages and lifestyles. Native Americans from various areas were forced to send their children to such schools. Most were boarding schools where students would have no contact with their tribal homeland. Students were forced to adapt themselves to the culture of the colonists under a militarized system that enforced the use of the English language, English names, and Christian religion, while dismissing Native American cultures as uncivilized. Many of the students were even kept from their families during breaks as they were sent off to work under white families, still furthering their cultural immersion and strengthening the American economy. Kill the Indian and save the man was the Carlisle Schools motto (Keohane, 2003). During the first few decades of the 20th century, the gap between Indians and whites widened as Native Americans continued to find the thinking of white Americans illogical, and Federal officials continued to outlaw Indian religious practices. As assimilation efforts began to succeed, American Indians were reduced in the public eye to the status of ancient relics. For example, most citizens were unaware that ten thousand Indian men were serving in World War I or that educated Indians were becoming teachers, farmers, and ministers (Zinn, 1980). Many of the stereotypes of Native Americans originally created in Columbus time have carried over to contemporary society. This only solidified white attitudes about manifest destiny and the role of the Indian in North America. The bloodthirsty savage had become a staple of the popular dime novel and Wild West shows (Bataille,1980). By the time of World War I, the image of the ignorant, savage Native American was firmly established in popular film, which was greatly profitable though historically inaccurate. The generic Indian was portrayed in fringed clothing, communicating through grunts and simple language (Bataille, 1980). Even today, many people overgeneralize about Native Americans, seeing them as one people even though the tribes have always differed in many ways. In 1924, Native Americans were finally given some recognition as a federal law pushed U. S.citizenship upon the remaining Indian population, BE IT ENACTED , THAT ALL NON-CITIZEN INDIANS BORN WITHIN THE TERRITORIAL LIMITS OF THE UNITED STATES BE AND THEY ARE HEREBY, DECLARED TO BE CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES: PROVIDED, THAT THE GRANTING OF SUCH CITIZENSHIP SHALL NOT IN ANY MANNER IMPAIR OR OTHERWISE AFFECT THE RIGHT OF ANY INDIAN TO TRIBAL OR OTHER PROPERTY. THE INDIAN CITIZENSHIP ACT, APPROVED JUNE 2, 1924 Despite their newly gained citizenship, Native Americans were blocked from voting for the next twenty years in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. As a result, The Indian Rights Association and The American Indian Defense Association were formed to protect Indian rights, but the two organizations had limited power or impact (DiBacco, 1995). The plight of American Indians attracted little attention until 1928, when a shocking study, the Meriam Report, exposed the frequency of Indian poverty and the failure of government to fulfill allotted promises. The result of this new interest in reform was called the Indian New Deal, a new law that would restructure tribal governments and the administration of federal policies. The bill became the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. It introduced federal programs to support Indian agriculture, vocational education, and economic development. It included a provision that allowed reservation communities to set up tribal governments patterned after local units of the American government. Despite criticisms of the law being too paternalistic and undermining tribal traditions, the authority of Indian communities actually did expand during this time. The new Indian governments began to assert their rights in order to reverse the loss of tribal sovereignty (Jordan, 1991). Even though American Indians sent twenty-five thousand men and women to World War II, ten thousand to the Korean conflict, and forty-three thousand to Vietnam, their efforts did little to erase negative images of Indians (Zinn, 1980). Such images have also persisted in federal policy. Following World War II the Bureau of Indian Affairs instituted a program to terminate the federal governments trust relations with many tribes. In 1953 government officials passed a bill reducing federal expenditures and shrinking the federal bureaucracy by getting out of the Indian business and setting Indians free from federal support and protection. Poverty and homelessness quickly produced frustration and anger, and these, in turn, produced additional problems: alcoholism, joblessness, and poverty (Zinn, 1980). In the late 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement kicked off a wave of political activism by Native Americans, successfully changing negative policies and views. A new voice began to be heard in 1961 when the American Indian Chicago Conference gathered to present an Indian agenda for the new Kennedy administration. As American Indian youth became more involved in national Indian issues, the National Indian Youth Council formed (DiBacco, 1995). Additional examples of this new activism and militancy would include the founding of the American Indian Movement in 1968, the occupation of Alcatraz Island in 1969, the Trail of Broken Treaties march of 1972, and the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973 (Farley, 2000). These and other actions produced a national and highly visible call for Native American self-determination. This new campaign also emphasized individual tribal culture and practices. Pro-Indian legislation emerged during the 1970s as a result of activism and self-determination. The Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act, was passed in 1975 and stipulated that tribes could enter into contracts with the Indian Bureau to administer their own programs, from education to health care to housing. Other new laws included a settlement of land claims in Maine in 1978 and two pieces of landmark legislation passed the same year. The Indian Child Welfare Act established a role for tribes in the adoption of Indian children and the American Indian Religious Freedom Act declared constitutional support for Native American religious freedom (DiBacco, 1995). Despite growing efforts at self-determination, exploitation still plagues the Native Americans. Recent water and energy needs have led to government and industrial encroachment on Native American Land. Native Americans have even seen their reservations recommended as toxic-waste dumping grounds in exchange for much needed money. Discrimination still continues, especially in cities near the reservations. Tribal governments have enormous responsibilities that include the protection of hunting and fishing rights, water rights, religious traditions, and cultural heritage. At the same time, they struggle to develop successful gaming operations, profitable industrial factories, and effective educational and social-welfare programs. The systematic disorganization and dehumanization of their societies have restricted life opportunities. Poor education, low income, bad housing, poor health, alchoholism, and suicides are serious problems facing Native Americans today. They suffer the highest rates of poverty and unemployment among racial minority groups in the United States. Conditions are worse on Native American reservations, where an estimated 1/3 of them still live. According to goventment statistics on income, Native Americans are the poorest of the poor. (Farley, 2000) Today, many people in the United States ignore or are unaware of the problems Native Americans face. Many of those who are aware often stereotype them as backward, drunk, or unmotivated. Relations between Indians and non-Indians in the United States have been marked by an unfortunate series of blunders caused by prejudice and negative stereotypes. Even still, todays 2. 1 million Native Americans have proved their resilience by surviving oppression in a world dominated by other races and cultures. Unlike other minorities who have fought for equal rights in American society, Native Americans have fought to retain their land and cultures and have avoided assimilation, at a hefty cost. Works Cited Bataille, Gretchen. The Pretend Indians: Images of Native Americans in the Movies. Iowa State University, Ames: 1980 Berkhofer, Robert F. The White Mans Indian. Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, New York, 1978. DiBacco, Thomas V. , Lorna C. Mason, and Christian G. Appy. History of The United States. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995. Keohane, Sonja. The Reservation Boarding School System in the United States, 1870-1928. http://www. twofrog. com. 3/19/2005 Jordan,Winthrop D. and Leon F. Litwack. The United States. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1991. Todd, Lewis Paul and Merta Curti. Triumph of the American Nation. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Joranovich, Inc. , 1986. Zinn, Howard. A Peoples History of the United States. New York: Harper-Collins, 1980. Farley, John. Majority-Minority Relations. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,2000.